Keywords
finishing stage
lysine
phosphorus
thermal stress
How to Cite
Abstract
Heavy weight pigs tend to deposit greater quantities of fat than protein. To work around this situation, ractopamine has been used in the finishing stage. In environments with moderate temperatures, ractopamine in pig diets in the finishing phase may increase rates of weight gain and improve feed efficiency without affecting feed intake. Ractopamine increases needs of pigs in terms of lysine, phosphorus and energy. The effects of ractopamine in pigs raised under conditions of heat stress have been observed in weight gain, feed efficiency and muscle deposition rate, but not on reducing the amount of fat in pigs weighing between 95.0 and 120.0 kg. Ractopamine has promoted the increase in quantity of meat on the carcass, without altering flavor and tenderness. The weight of some organs is affected by the use of ractopamine, especially in animals under conditions of heat stress. There is need for more research relating to the effects of ractopamine with the welfare of pigs with at least 95.0 kg.
References
Moreira I, Voorsluys T, Martins RM, Paiano D, Furlan AC, Silva MAA. Efeitos da restrição energética para suínos na fase final de terminação sobre o desempenho, característica de carcaça e poluição ambiental. Acta Sci Anim Sci 2007; 29: 179-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v29i2.223
Corassa A, Lopes DC, Teixeira AO. Desempenho, características de carcaça e composição óssea de suínos alimentados com diferentes níveis de ractopamina e fitase. R Bras Zootec 2010; 39: 1740-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010000800016
Watanabe PH, Thomaz MC, Pascoal LAF, Ruiz US, Daniel E, Cristani J. Ractopamine in diets for finishing gilts. R Bras Zootec 2011; 40: 827-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011000400017
Marinho PC, Fontes DO, Silva FCO, Silva MA, Pereira FA, Arouca CLC. Efeito da ractopamina e de métodos de formulação de dietas sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos machos castrados em terminação. R Bras Zootec 2007; 36: 1061-68.
Andretta I, Lovatto PA, Silva MK, Lehnen CR, Lanferdini E, Klein CC. Relação da ractopamina com componentes nutricionais e desempenho em suínos: um estudo meta-analítico. Ciênc Rural 2001; 41: 186-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782011000100030
Apple JK, Maxwell CV, Brown DC, Friesen KG, Musser RE, Johnson ZB, Armstrong TA. Effects of dietary lysine and energy density on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs fed ractopamine. J Anim Sci 2004; 82: 3277-87.
Webster MJ, Goodband RD, Tokach MD, Nelsen JL, Dritz SS, Unruh JA, et al. Interactive effects between ractopamina HCl and dietary lysine on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, pork quality and tissue accretion. Prof Anim Sci 2007; 23: 597-11.
Moura MS, Kiefer C, Silva CM, Santos AP, Fantini CC, Lucas LS. Energia líquida e ractopamina para leitoas em terminação sob altas temperaturas ambientais. Ciênc Rural 2011; 41: 1085-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782011000500025
Schinckel AP, Wagner JR, Forrest JC, Einstein ME. Evaluation of alternative measures of pork carcass composition. J Anim Sci 2001; 79: 1093-19.
Lutz TR, Stahly TS. Effect of ractopamine on the optimum dietary phosphorus regimen for pigs. Iowa State University Nutrition. Swine Res Rep ASL-R1796 2002.
Corassa A, Lopes DC, Teixiera AO. Ractopamina e fitase em dietas para suínos na fase de terminação. R Bras Zootec 2009; 38: 2174-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009001100015
Sanches JF, Kiefer C, Moura MS, Silva CM, Luz MF, Carrijo AS. Níveis de ractopamina para suínos machos castrados em terminação e mantidos sob conforto térmico. Ciênc Rural 2010; 40: 403-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782009005000257
Beermann DH. Beta-adrenergic receptor agonist modulation of skeletal muscle growth. J Anim Sci 2002; 80: 18-23.
Lehninger AL, Nelson DL, Cox MM. Princípios de bioquímica. 4th ed. Salvier: São Paulo 2007.
Ramos F, Silveira M. Agonistas adrenérgicos ß2 e produção animal: II - Relação estrutura-actividade e farmacocinética. Rev Port Cienc Vet 2001; 96: 167-75.
Moody DE, Hancock DL, Anderson DB. Phenethanolamine repartitioning agents. In: Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. D’Mello JPF, Ed. CAB International, New York 2000; pp. 65-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851993782.0065
Mills SE. Biological basis of the ractopamine response. J Anim Sci 2002; 80: 28-32.
See MT, Armstrong TA, Weldon WC. Effect of a ractopamine feeding program on growth performance and carcass composition in finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2004; 82: 2474-80.
Schinckel AP, Li N, Richert BT, Preckel PV, Einstein ME. Development of a model to describe the compositional growth and dietary lysine requirements of pigs fed ractopamine. J Anim Sci 2003; 81: 1106-19.
Pérez A, Obispo NE, Claudio JP, Chicco CF. Efectos de la ractopamina y lisina sobre La deposición de grasa en cerdos seleccionados magros en La fase de engorde. Zootec Trop 2006; 24: 435-55.
Cantarelli VS, Fialho ET, Almeida EC, Zangeronimo MG, Amaral NO, Lima JAF. Características da carcaça e viabilidade econômica do uso de cloridrato de ractopamina para suínos em terminação com alimentação à vontade ou restrita. Ciênc Rural 2009; 39: 844-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782009000300032
Armstrong TA, Ivers DJ, Wagner JR, Anderson DB, Weldon WC, Berg EP. The effect of dietary ractopamine concentration and duration of feeding on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2004; 82: 3245-53.
Pereira FA, Fontes DO, Silva FCO, Ferreira WM, Lanna AMQ, Corrêa GSS, et al. Efeitos da ractopamina e de dois níveis de lisina digestível na dieta sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça de leitoas em terminação. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2008; 60: 943-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352008000400025
Lovatto, PA, Lehnen CR, Andretta I, Carvalho AA, Hauschild L. Meta-análise em pesquisas científicas - enfoque em metodologias. R Bras Zootec 2007; 36: 285-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007001000026
Pena SM, Lopes DC, Rostagno HS, Silva FCO, Donzele JL. Relações metionina mais cistina digestível:lisina digestível em dietas suplementadas com ractopamina para suínos em terminação. R Bras Zootec 2008; 37: 1978-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982008001100012
Almeida EC, Fialho ET, Rodrigues PB, Zangeronimo MG, Lima JAF, Fontes DO. Ractopamine and lysine levels on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. R Bras Zootec 2010; 39: 1961-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010000900014
Main RG, Dritz SS, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Nelsen JL. Effects of feeding graded levels of ractopamine (paylean) on pig performance in a commercial finishing facility. Kansas State University. Swine Day 2001; 859: 74-76.
Brumm MC, Miller PS, Thaler RC. Response of barrows to space allocation and ractopamine. J Anim Sci 2004; 82: 3373-79.
Shelton JL, Southern LL, Lemieux FM, Bidner TD, Page TG. Effects of microbial phytase, low calcium and phosphorus, and removing the dietary trace mineral premix on carcass traits, pork quality, plasma metabolites, and tissue mineral content in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2004; 82: 2630-39.
Manno MC, Oliveira RFM, Donzele JL, Oliveira WP, Vaz RGMV, Silva BAN, et al. Efeitos da temperatura ambiente sobre o desempenho de suínos dos 30 aos 60 kg. R Bras Zootec 2006; 35: 471-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982006000200019
Halas V, Verstegen MW, Gerrits. Efficiency of fat deposition from nonstarch polysaccharides, starch and unsaturated fat in pigs. Br J Nutr 2010; 103: 123-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509991449
Latorre MA, Pomar C, Faucitano L, Gariépy C, Méthot S. The relationship within and between production performance and meat quality characteristics in pigs form three different genetic lines. Livest Sci 2008; 115: 258-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.08.013
Rodrigues NEB, Zangeronimo MG, Fialho ET. Adaptações fisiológicas de suínos sob estresse térmico. Revista Nutritime 2010; 07: 1197-11.
Sanches JF, Kiefer C, Carrijo AS, Moura MS, Silva EA, Santos AP. Níveis de ractopamina para suínos machos castrados em terminação mantidos sob estresse por calor. R Bras Zootec 2010; 39: 1523-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010000700019
Silva EA, Kiefer C, Moura MS, Bünzen S, Santos AP, Silva CM, et al. Duração da suplementação de ractopamina em dietas para leitoas em terminação mantidas sob alta temperatura ambiente. Ciênc Rural 2011; 41: 337-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782011005000001
Collin A Van, Milgen J, Dubois S, Noblet J. Effect of high temperature and feeding level on energy utilization in piglets. J Anim Sci 2001; 79: 1849-57.
Rezende WO, Donzele JL, Oliveira RFM, Abreu MLT, Ferreira AS, Silva FCO, et al. Níveis de energia metabolizável mantendo a relação lisina digestível:caloria em rações para suínos machos castrados em terminação. R Bras Zootec 2006; 35: 1101-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982006000400022
Ramos F, Silveira M. Agonistas adrenérgicos ß2 e produção animal: III - Efeitos zootécnicos e qualidade da carne. Rev Port Cienc Vet 2002; 97: 51-62.
Trapp SA, Rice JP, Kelly DT, Bundy A, Schinckel AP, Richert BT. Evaluation of four ractopamine use programs on pig growth and carcass characteristics. West Lafayette: Purdue University, Swine Res Rep 2002; 62-71.
Marchant-Ford JN, Lay DC, Pajor EA, Lunstra BD, Rohrer GA, Ford JJ. The effects of ractopamine on the behavior and physiology of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2003; 81: 416-22.
Schaefer AL, Jones DM, Tong AKW, De Passile AMB, Rusher J, Merrill K. The effects of feeding the beta adrenergic agonistic ractopamine on the behavior of market weight pigs, Canadian J Anim Sci 1997; 72: 15-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-002
Athayde NB. Desempenho, qualidade de carne e estresse de suínos suplementados com ractopamina. Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil 2010.
Agostinic PS, Silva CA, Bridic AM, Abramic RAM, Pachecoc GD, Lozano AP, et al. Efeito da ractopamina na performance e na fisiologia do suíno. Arch Zootec 2011; 60: 659-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S0004-05922011000300054
Poletto R, Rostagno MH, Richert BT, Marchant-Forde JN. Effects of a “step up” ractopamine feeding program, sex and social rank on growth performance, hoof lesions, and enterobacteriaccae shedding in finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2009; 87: 304-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1188
Poletto R, Cheng HW, Meisel RL, Garner JP, Richert BT, Marchant-Forde JN. Aggressiveness and brain amine concenetration in dominant and subordinate finishing pigs fed the ?2 adrenoreceptor agonist ractopamina. J Anim Sci 2010; 88: 310-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-1876
Kiefer C, Sanches JF. Metanálise dos níveis de ractopamina em dietas para suínos em terminação. R Bras Zootec 2009; 38: 1037-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009000600010
Herr CT, Yake W, Robson C, Kendall DC, Schinckel AP, Richert BT. Effect of nutritional level while feeding paylean to late-finishing swine. Purdue University; Swine Day 2000; 89-95.
Marinho PC, Fontes DO, Silva FCO, Silva MA, Pereira FA, Arouca CLC. Efeito dos níveis de lisina digestível e da ractopamina sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos machos castrados em terminação. R Bras Zootec 2007; 36: 1791-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007000800012
Bridi AM, Oliveira AR, Fonseca NAN, Shimokomaki M, Coutinho LL, Silva CA. Efeito do genótipo halotano, da ractopamina e do sexo do animal na qualidade da carne suína. R Bras Zootec 2006; 35: 2027-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982006000700021
Lonergan SM, Huff-Lonergan E, Rowe LJ, Kuhlers DL, Jungst SB. Selection for lean growth efficiency in duroc pigs influences pork quality. J Anim Sci 2001; 79: 2075-85.
Johnson E, An G. Astaxanthin from microbial sources. Crit Rev in Biotechnol 1991; 11: 297-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07388559109040622
Chew BP, Park JS. Carotenoid Action on the Immune Response. J Nutr 2004; 134: 257S-261S.
Yang YX, Kim YJ, Jin Z, Lohakare JD, Kim CH, Ohh SH, et al. Effects of dietary supplementation of astaxanthin on production performance egg quality in layers and meat quality in finishing pigs. Asian-Aust. J Anim Sci 2006; 19: 1019-25.
Inborr J, Campbell R, Luxford B, Harrison D, Lignell A. Improving sow and litter performance by feeding astaxanthin-rich algae meal. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology in Pigs 1997. Saint Malo, France. EAAP 1997; 88: 479-482.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2013 Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences