Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is still a big health problem around the world and drug resistance has emerged as a major problem in treatment. The purpose of the study was to generate Amphotericin B resistant strainand evaluate the crude extract of Melia azedarach against wild and lab generated resistant strain of Leishmania tropica. The result obtained revealed that the continuous increase of drug pressure for 60 days cause resistance in L. tropica by 09 fold compared to wild type. The LC50 value recorded for wild and resistant type strain was 0.024 and 0.224µg/ml, respectively against Amp B drug. The antileishmanial activity of crude extract against wild and resistant type strain was 0.57 and 123.3 µg/ml for green fruit and 1220.8 and 4010.1µg/ml for ripe fruit, respectively. A significant difference (P<0.05) in activitieswere observed between green and ripe fruit against wild and resistant type of strain. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that green fruit show promising results against resistant type of L. tropica and could be a novel candidate for anti-protozoal activity.
References
Kondrashin A, Baranova A, Morozova L, Stepanova E. Global trends in malaria control. Progress and topical tasks in malaria control programs. Meditsinskaia parazitologiia i parazitarnye bolezni 2010; (4): 3-8.
Tengku S, Norhayati M. Review Paper Public health and clinical importance of amoebiasis in Malaysia: A review. Trop biomed 2011; 28(2): 194-222.
Al Musayeib NM, Mothana RA, Gamal AAE, Al-Massarani SM, Maes L. In vitro antiprotozoal activity of triterpenoid constituents of Kleinia odora growing in Saudi Arabia. Molecules 2013; 18(8): 9207-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089207
Waldron LS, Ferrari BC, Cheung-Kwok-Sang C, Beggs PJ, Stephens N, Power ML. Molecular epidemiology and spatial distribution of a waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Australia. App environ microbio 2011; 77(21): 7766-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00616-11
Organization WH. Working to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: first WHO report on neglected tropical diseases. 2010.
Meshnick S. Artemisinin antimalarials: mechanisms of action and resistance. Medecine tropicale: revue du Corps de sante colonial 1997; 58(3 Suppl): 13-7.
Nwaka S, Ridley RG. Virtual drug discovery and development for neglected diseases through public–private partnerships. Nat Rev Drug Disc 2003; 2(11): 919-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd1230
Pérez-Victoria JM, Pérez-Victoria FJ, Parodi-Talice A, Jiménez IA, Ravelo AG, Castanys S, et al. Alkyl-lysophospholipid resistance in multidrug-resistant Leishmania tropica and chemosensitization by a novel P-glycoprotein-like transporter modulator. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45(9): 2468-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.9.2468-2474.2001
Organization WH. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Why are you neglecting me. Communicable diseases control Geneva WHO 2007.
Hoet S, Stévigny C, Block S, Opperdoes F, Colson P, Baldeyrou B, et al. Alkaloids from Cassytha filiformis and related aporphines: antitrypanosomal activity, cytotoxicity, and interaction with DNA and topoisomerases. Planta Medica 2004; 70(5): 407-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-818967
Seifert K, Matu S, Javier Perez-Victoria F, Castanys S, Gamarro F, Croft SL. Characterisation of Leishmania donovani promastigotes resistant to hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine). Inter J Antimicrob Agents 2003; 22(4): 380-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00125-0
Khan I, Yasinzai1 M, Mehmood Z, Ilahi I, Khan J, Khalil A, et al. Comparative Study of Green Fruit Extract of Melia azedarach Linn. With its Ripe Fruit Extract for Antileishmanial, Larvicidal, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity. Am J Phytomed Clin Therap 2014; 2(3): 442-52.
Grögl M, Oduola AM, Cordero LD, Kyle DE. Leishmania spp.: Development of pentostam-resistant clones in vitro by discontinuous drug exposure. Exp Parasitol 1989; 69(1): 78-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(89)90173-2
Rex JH, Pfaller MA, Galgiani JN, Bartlett MS, Espinel-Ingroff A, Ghannoum MA, et al. Development of interpretive breakpoints for antifungal susceptibility testing: conceptual framework and analysis of in vitro-in vivo correlation data for fluconazole, itraconazole, and Candida infections. Clin Inf Dis 1997; 24(2): 235-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/24.2.235
Davidson R, Scott A, Maini M, Bryceson A, Croft S. Liposomal amphotericin B in drug-resistant visceral leishmaniasis. The Lancet 1991; 337(8749): 1061-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)91708-3
Arana FE, Pérez–Victoria JM, Repetto Y, Morello A, Castanys S, Gamarro F. Involvement of thiol metabolism in resistance to glucantime in Leishmania tropica. Bioch Pharma 1998; 56(9): 1201-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(98)00129-4
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2015 Imran Khan , Muhammad Naveed Umar