Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
It is well known that, air pollution is a composite phenomenon and intense air pollution events are governed by huge number of consistent factors. In this study, we considered the pollutant parameter (NO2, NO, NOx and CO) concentrations and were measured simultaneously during the period 21/11/2009 to 27/02/2010 in city of Karachi. The estimations were carried out to study the variability of pollutant emissions. Time Series analysis confirms the existence of variation in pollutant with mean daily concentration and the results suggest that the concentrations of pollutant over the interval are slowly declined. The relationships NO2 with NOx, NO with NOx and NO2 vs. CO were modeled with linear regression. The results of the linear regression detected underlying strong relationships among pollutant variables. The application of the regression approach confirmed that the NO2 strongly correlated with other paired pollutants. The study will be helpful to the policy makers to control air pollution and the sustainable environment. It also needs to extend this research to study the nonlinear behavior of atmospheric pollutants in perspective of fractal dimension.
References
Harlan SL, and Ruddell DM. Climate change and health in cities: impacts of heat and air pollution and potential co-benefits from mitigation and adaptation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2011; 3(3): 126-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2011.01.001
Chameides WL, Fehsenfeld F, Rodgers M, Cardelino C, Martinez J, Parrish D, Lonneman W, Lawson D, Rasmussen R, Zimmerman P. Ozone precursor relationships in the ambient atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 1992; 97(D5): 6037-6055.
Song F, Shin JY, Jusino-Atresino R, Gao Y. Relationships among the springtime ground-level NO X, O3 and NO3 in the vicinity of highways in the US East Coast. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2011; 2(3): 374-383. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2011.042
Han S, Bian H, Feng Y, Liu A, Li X, Zeng F, Zhang X. Analysis of the Relationship between O3, NO and NO2 in Tianjin, China. Aerosol Air Qual Res 2011; 11: 128-139. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2010.07.0055
Chelani AB. Study of extreme CO, NO 2, and O 3 concentrations at a traffic site in Delhi: statistical persistence analysis and source identification. Aerosol Air Quality Res 2013; 13: 377-384. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2011.10.0163
Bernard SM, Samet JM, Grambsch A, Ebi KL, Romieu I. The potential impacts of climate variability and change on air pollution-related health effects in the United States. Environmental health perspectives 2001; 109(Suppl 2): 199.
Rojas-Domínguez L, Vadillo-Saénz M, Guzmán-Mar J. Measurements of Atmospheric Pollutants (Aromatic Hydrocarbons, O3, NOx, NO, NO2, CO, and SO2) in ambient air of a site located at the northeast of Mexico during summer 2011; 2013.
Dutkiewicz VA, Alvi S, Ghauri BM, Choudhary MI, Husain L. Black carbon aerosols in urban air in South Asia. Atmospheric Environment 2009; 43: 1737-1744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.043
Tian L, Hossain SR, Lin H, Ho KF, Lee SC, Ignatius TS. Increasing trend of primary NO2 exhaust emission fraction in Hong Kong. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2011; 33(6): 623-630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-011-9375-5
Coppalle A, Delmas V, Bobbia M. Variability of NOx and NO2 concentrations observed at pedestrian level in the city centre of a medium sized urban area. Atmospheric Environment 2001; 35(31): 5361-5369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00296-5
Helsel DR. Statistics for censored environmental data using Minitab and R 2011; Vol 77. John Wiley & Sons.
Choi Y, Wang Y, Zeng T, Cunnold D, Yang ES, Martin R, et al. Springtime transitions of NO2, CO, and O3 over North America: Model evaluation and analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2008; 113(D20).
Breuninger C, Meixner FX, Kesselmeier J. Field investigations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2013; 13(2): 773-790. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-773-2013
Berezin EV, Konovalov IB, Ciais P, Richter A, Tao S, Janssens-Maenhout G, et al. Multiannual changes of CO2 emissions in China: indirect estimates derived from satellite measurements of tropospheric NO2 columns. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 2013; 13(1): 255-309. https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-255-2013
Minoura H, Ito A. NO2 Behaviour analysis in a roadside atmosphere for the validation of the RSAQSM. The seventh International Conference on Urban Climate 2009; vol. 29.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2017 Bulbul Jan, Syed Ghayasuddin, Muhammad Arif Hussain, M. Ayub Khan Yousuf Zai, Muhammad Ali , Faisal Nawaz