Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Rivers are the sign of prosperity, the hub of the economy and act as lifeline for the areas from where they flow. Rivers help in irrigation, ground water recharge, upgrading water quality, maintaining soil fertility, fostering forests. They also support in stabilizing industries, establishing cities and towns. Revirs are the sources of energy generation, enhancing tourism, managing wetlands, boosting fishing, avoiding desertification, droughts, famine and empowering people by providing employment opportunities. Rivers might stop flowing in any area through climatic changes, river piracy, and upper riparian monopoly. Sutlej River is now not flowing in Pakistan due to damming at its upper riparian (India) after the Indus Basin Water Treaty. In this paper, efforts are made to know about evolutionary processes through which Sutlej River passed from the old days and its present cruel and politicized abundance by the upper riparian. The main objective of the paper is to furnish a preliminary data base about Pakistan side (lower riparian) of the Sutlej River. Fact and figures used are mainly from the secondary sources and few primary sources and direct observations. By exploring and knowing about its spatial pattern, temporal evolutions, geographical, geological and physiographical changes and all the processes concerned to the river, it will be possible for us to educate our future generation about the conversion of past mighty and splendid Sutlej River into an abandoned River.
References
PWG. Water shortage in Pakistan: Special Section 2. Published article derived from Pakistan Water Gateway (PWG), Pakistan, 2003.
Hornby AS. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. (7th ed.). Oxford University Press, New York 2005; p. 1.
Malik H, Gankovsky YV. The Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, New York 2006.
Khalid R. Landforms of Sutlej River in Bahawalnagar. An unpublished research report for the fulfillment of the degree of bachelor in Geography, Department of Geography, Government Degree College for Women, Bahawalnagar 2014.
Burrard SG, Hayden HH. A Sketch of the Geography and Geology of the Himalaya Mountains and Tibet. (2nd edition). Government Printing Press, Calcutta, Government of India, India 1907.
Malik AA. Apni Taqdeer Ka Satluj Nahin Behne Wala (Fate less Sutlej will never been flow in future). Daily Jang, Multan. 2013; p.12.
Thorpe E, Thorpe S. The Pearson General Knowledge Manual. Dorling Kindersley private limited, Delhi, India 2013.
Abbasi BA. Geographiai maloomat, Encyclopedia (Geographical Information, Encyclopedia). Urdu Science Board, 299- Upper Mall Road, Lahore 2002.
Chandio BA, Yasmin MN. Proceedings of the National Workshop on Water Resources Achievements and Issues in 20th Century and Challenges for the Next Millennium. Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) June 1999.
Iqbal MJ. Ilmi Objective Geography, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore, Pakistan 2016; 117-121.
GoP. DCR of Bahawalpur 1998. Islamabad: Population Census of Pakistan (PCP), Ministry of Interior (MOI), States and Frontier Regions, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad 2000.
Nol MMB. Tazkara Pansath Baras Ka (Description of Sixty Five years). Bahawal Chenab Publishers, Maher Adnan Faisal, 9 BC, Baghdad, Bahawalpur 2013.
Spate OHK, Learmonth ATA. India and Pakistan, land, people and economy (3rded.). Alpha sky printers, Liaquat road, Rawalpindi 1972.
Iqbal MJ. Impact of Sutlej River Abandoncy on the Socio- Economic Shift of the Adjacent Areas, A Case Study of Jhangi Wala, Bahawalpur. An Unpublished M. Phil Thesis, Department of Geography, Baghdad –ul- Jadid Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan 2014.
Fox CS. Physical geography for Indian students. Macmillan and company limited, St. Martin’s street, London, Great Britain 1942; p. 318.
Fahlbusch H, Bart Shultz, Thathe CD, Eds. The Indus Basin: History of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Management. ISBN: 81-85068-77 ICID Publication, New Delhi, India 2004.
Davies LM. Geographical changes in North- West India, Proceedings of the 6th Pacific Science Congress. University of California Press, Berkeley 1940; 483-501.
Iqbal MJ, Anwar MM, Mohsin M. Adopting Technical Actions for the Sutlej River Revival: A Geographical Approach. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series) 2015; 47(4): 809-812.
IGI. Imperial Gazetteer of India. Sang-e- meel publications, 25- Shahrah-e- Pakistan (Lower Mall) Lahore 1998.
Wasti SZA. Bahawalpur ki sarzameen, Aik Tarikh (Land of Bahawalpur, A Historical Approach). Beacon Books, Gulgasht, Multan 1993.
Shams FA. Land of Pakistan, Geography, Resources and Environment. Kitabistan Publishing Company, 38 - Urdu Bazaar, Lahore 2005.
Wilhemy H. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologies, Sup. band 8, 1969; 76-91.
Din MM. Gazetteer of the Bahawalpur State with map 1904. Sang-e- meel Publications, 25- Shahrah-e- Pakistan (Lower Mall) Lahore 2001.
Stein A. Ancient evidences of Sarasvati River. Journal of Bengal Geographical Society, Kolkata, India. Number 92, 1942.
DCR. DCR of Bahawalpur 1972. Islamabad: Population Census of Pakistan (PCP), Ministry of Interior (MOI), States and Frontier Regions, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad 1977.
Thathvi MAS. Tuhfat –ul- Karam (Gift of Karam). Sindhi Adbi Board, Hyderabad, Sindh 1959.
Tahir M. Riasat Bahawalpur Ka Nazm-e- Mumlikat, 1866- 1947 (Kingdom administration of Bahawalpur State, 1866- 1947). Bazm –e- Sakafat, Multan 2010.
Dani AH. Indus Civilization- New Perspectives. Centre for the Study of Civilization of Central Asia, Quaid -e- Azam University, Islamabad 1981.
NHA. Achievements of NHA During Past Five Years (2008-12): Transport and Communications. National Highway Authority, Islamabad 2012.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences