Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
The impact of salt stress under different salinity level (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 dS/m-1 NaCl) on eleven varieties of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) viz., Sakha 93, Gemmeza 7, Egaseed 7, Sakha 94, Gemmeza 10, Egaseed 3, Masr 2, Masr 1, Gemmeza 9, Sids 1 and Giza 168 was conducted. A laboratory experiment was conducted at Giza Central Seed Testing laboratory of Central Administration for Seed Testing and Certification, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt. Wheat cultivars significantly varied in means of final germination percentage, germination rate, germination index, vigor index, shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, seedling height reduction and relative dry weight. Sakha 93 and Sakha 94 had positive effects in most of studied characters while, Masr 1 cultivar had negative effects in most of germination parameters under study. Salinity concentrations significantly varied in all germination parameters under study except shoot dry weight character. Increasing salinity concentrations from 0 to 14 dS/m-1 gradually decreased average of germination and seedling characters. All studied characters were significantly affected by the interaction between cultivars and salinity stress, vice versa, root length didn't affect by the interaction. It could be concluded that for maximizing wheat germination percentage and seedling parameters under salinity stress are recognized by using Sakha 93, Sakha 94 and Gemmeza 10 cultivars with increasing salinity concentrations levels up to 14 dS/m-1. Among the cultivars under investigation Sakha 93 and Sakha 94 cultivars appeared to be more tolerant to salinity at germination stage compared with other cultivars. These cultivars were more tolerant to salinity and recommended to use in breeding program for enhancing Wheat production in Egypt.
References
Shirazi MU, Asif SM, Khanzada B, Khan MA, Mohammad A. Growth and ion accumulation in some wheat genotypes under NaCl stress. Pak J Biological Sci 2001; 4: 388-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2001.388.391
Salam AG. Current status of durum wheat in Egypt and Future prospects 2002. http:// www. Fineprint.com. http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2001.388.391
Koyro HW. Effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis, water relations and solute composition of the potential cash crop halophyte Plantago coronopus (L-). Environ Exp Bot 2006; 56: 136-46. http://journals.ohiolink.edu/ejc/article.cgi?issn= 00988472&issue=v56i0002&article=136_eosogppcchpc http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.02.001
Mühling KH, Läuchli A. Interaction of NaCl and Cd stress on compartmentation pattern of cations, antioxidant enzymes and proteins in leaves of two wheat genotypes differing in salt tolerance. Plant Soil 2003; 253: 219-31. http://www. ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/plso/2003/00000253/00000001/05114355 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1024517919764
Dodd GL, Donovan LA. Water potential and ionic effects on germination and seedling growth of two cold desert shrubs. Am J Bot 1999; 86: 1146-53. http://www.amjbot.org/content/ 86/8/1146.abstract http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2656978
Khayatnezhad M, Roza G, Shahzad JS, Rogayyeh Z. Study of NaCl salinity effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars at germination stage. American-Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 2010; 9(2): 128-32. http://www.idosi.org/aejaes/ jaes9(2)/4.pdf
Sadat NSA, McNeilly T. Assessment of variability in salt tolerance based on seedling growth in Triticum durum Desf. Genet Resour Crop Evol 2000; 47: 285-91. http://www.springerlink.com/content/w0575191q6184167/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008749312148
Aslam KM, Muhammad A, Nazim H, Tahir I. Growth analysis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under saline conditions. Int J Agric Biol 2005; 7(3): 508-10. http://www.fspublishers.org/ijab/past-issues/IJABVOL_7_NO_3/41.pdf
El-Hendawy SE, Yuncai H, Gamal MY, Ahmed MA, Salah EH, Urs S. Evaluating salt tolerance of wheat genotypes using multiple parameters. Eur J Agronomy 2005; 22: 243-53. http://www.pe.wzw.tum.de/publikationen/pdf/sd601.pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2004.03.002
El-Hendawy SE, Hu Y, Sakagami JI, Schmidhalter U. Screening Egyptian Wheat Genotypes for Salt Tolerance at Early Growth Stages. Int J Plant Prod 2011; 5(3): 283-98. http://journals.gau.ac.ir:8080/05939294-A2F0-4407-A8BC-E2A7833A2B72/FinalDownload/DownloadId-855FE015C826E6A7D24ED86786D0239B/05939294-A2F0-4407-A8BC-E2A7833A2B72/jm/Programs/JurnalMgr/VolumArticle/EN_186_9.pdf
Sairam RK, Veerabhadra RK, Srivastava GC. Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Sci 2002; 163: 1037-46. http://eprints.iari.res.in/212/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00278-9
Tezara W, Martinez D, Rengifo E, Herrera A. Photosynthetic response of the tropical spiny shrub Lycium nodosum (Solanaceae) to drought, soil salinity and saline spray. Ann Botany 2003; 92: 757-65. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/ content/92/6/757 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg199
Kayani SA, Naqvi HH, Ting IP. Salinity effects on germination and mobilization of reserves in Jojoba seed. Crop Sci 1990; 30(3): 704-708. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/ display.do?f=1990/US/US90433.xml;US9044919 http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000030046x
Meiri A, Poljakoff-Mayber A. Effect of various salinity regimes on growth, leaf expression's and transpiration rate of bean plants. Plant Soil Sci 1970; 109: 26-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-197001000-00006
Assadian NW, Miyamoto S. Salt effects on alfalfa seedling emergence. Agron J 1987; 79: 710-14. https://www.crops. org/publications/aj/abstracts/79/4/AJ0790040710?access=0&view=pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900040026x
Akbarimoghaddam H, Galavi HM, Ghanbari A, Panjehkeh N. Salinity effects on seed germination and seedling growth of bread wheat cultivars. Trakia J Sci 2011; 9(1): 43-50. http://tru.uni-sz.bg/tsj/Vol9N1_2011/H.Akbarinoghaddam.pdf
Guo R, Lian XS, XueMei D, et al. Effects of saline and alkaline stress on germination, seedling growth, and ion balance in wheat. Agronomy J 2010; 102(4): 1252-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0022
Khan MA. Impact assessment of sodium chloride on seedling parameters of different wheat genotypes in Pakistan. World Appl Sci J 2009; 7(12): 1494-97. http://idosi.org/wasj/ wasj7(12)/4.pdf
Begum F, Ahmed IM, Nessa A, Sultana W. The effect of salinity on seed quality of wheat. J Bangladesh Agric Univ 2010; 8(1): 19-22. http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/ JBAU/article/view/6392/0 http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v8i1.6392
Gholamin R, Majid K, Shahzad JS, Rogayyeh ZM. Effects of polyethylene glycol and NaCl stress on two cultivars of wheat (Triticum durum) at germination and early seedling stages. American-Eurasian J Agric Environ 2010; 9(1): 86-90. http://iauardabil.academia.edu/MajidKhayatnezhad/Papers/374457/10.Effects_of_Polyethylene_Glycol_and_NaCl_Stress_on_Two_Cultivars_of_Wheat
Ghaloo SH, Soomro ZA, Khan NU, et al. Response of wheat genotypes to salinity at early growth stages. Pak J Bot 2011; 43(1): 617-23. http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/43(1)/ PJB43(1)617.pdf
Ellis RA, Roberts EH. The Quantification of Ageing and Survival in Orthodox Seeds. Seed Sci Technol 1981; 9: 373-409.
Ruan S, Xue Q, Tylkowska K. The influence of priming on germination of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds and seedling emergence and performance in flooded soils. Seed Sci Technol 2002; 30: 61-67. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele= afficheN&cpsidt=13659042
Ellis RH, Roberts EH. Towards a rational basis for seed testing seed quality. In: Hebblethwaitei P, Ed. Seed Production. Butterworth, London 1980; pp. 605-635.
Karim MA, Utsunomiya N, Shigenaga S. Effect of Sodium chloride on germination and growth of hexaploid triticale at early seedling stage. Jpn J Crop Sci 1992; 61: 279-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/jcs.61.279
Abdul-Baki AA, Anderson JD. Vigor determination in soybean by multiple criteria. Crop Sci 1973; 13: 630-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1973.0011183X001300060013x
Islam MM, Karim MA. Evaluation of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes at germination and early seedling stage for their tolerance to salinity. Agriculturists 2010; 8(2): 57-65. http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/AGRIC/article/view/7578
Gomez AK, Gomez AA. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2nd ed., John Willy and Sons, New York, USA 1984. http://www.google.com/books?hl=ar&lr=&id=PVN7_XRhpdUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA2&dq=Statistical+procedures+for+agricultural+research&ots=Hoa58prrl6&sig=-v65RCcVU8RUQjE_zfvGhSE5K3w#v=onepage&q=&f=false
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. "Statistical Methods" 7th ed. The Iowa State Univ. Press, Iowa, USA 1980.
Eskandari H, Kazemi K. Germination and Seedling Properties of Different Wheat Cultivars under Salinity Conditions. Notulae Sci Biol 2011; 3(3): 130-34. http://notulaebiologicae.ro/nsb/article/viewFile/6118/5672
Rahman Mur, Soomro UA, Haq MZ, Gul S. Effects of NaCl Salinity on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars. World J Agric Sci 2008; 4(3): 398-403. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/ Effect+of+NaCl+salinity+on+wheat+(Triticum+aestivum+L.)+cultivars+at...-a0263659406
Fallah S. Effect of salinity on seed germination of wheat cultivars. Proceedings of 14th Agronomy Conference during 21-25 September 2008, Adelaide, South Australia 2008. http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2008/concurrent/agronomy-landscape/5700_fallah.htm
Datta JK, Nag S, Banerjee A, Mondal NK. Impact of salt stress on five varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under laboratory condition. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 2009; 13(3): 93-97. http://www.bioline.org.br/ request?ja09044
Akbari G, Seyed AMMS, Saeed Y. Effect of auxin and salt stress (NaCl) on seed germination of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 15: 2557-61. http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/ansinet/pjbs/2007/2557-2561.pdf
Kollar D, Hades A. Water relation in the germination of seed. Encyclopedia of plant physiology; Physiology plant ecology. Large OL, Noble PS, Osmond CBO, Ziegher H, Eds. Springer-Verlog, Berlin 1982; pp. 402-431.
Rahman M, Kayani SA, Gul S. Combined effects of temperature and salinity stress on corn cv. Sunahry. Pak J Biol Sci 2000; 3(9): 1459-63. http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/ ansinet/pjbs/2000/1459-1463.pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2000.1459.1463
Gulzar S, Khan MA, Ungar IA. Effect of salinity and temperature on the germination of Urochondra setulosa (Trin.) C.E. Hubbard. Seed Sci Technol 2001; 29: 21-29. http://www.halophyte.org/pdfs/drkhan_pdfs/23.pdf
Bishnoi UR, Pancholy DK. Comparative salt tolerance in triticale, wheat and rye during germination. Plant Soil 1979; 55: 491-93. http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19800708324. html;jsessionid=9FEF959B42AC02401879889EB2FCC4CF http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182708
Mass EV, Poss JA. Salt sensitivity of cowpea at various growth stages. Irrigation Sci 1989; 10: 313-20. http://www.springerlink.com/content/j6p18051p4276375/
Munns R. Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soils – some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant Cell Environ 1993; 16: 15-24. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1993.tb00840.x
Reggiani R, Bozo S, Bertanil A. The effect of salinity on early seedling growth of seeds of three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Can J Plant Sci 1994; 75: 175-77. http://pubs.aic.ca/doi/pdf/10.4141/cjps95-029 http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-029
Kashem MA, Nilufa S, Takeshi I, Hidetaka H, Tadeusz L, Toshiaki M. Alteration of starch-sucrose transition in germinating wheat seed under sodium chloride salinity. J Plant Biol 2000; 43(3): 121-27. http://link.springer.com/article/ 10.1007/BF03030488?null http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03030488
Zaman B, Niazi BH, Athar M, Ahmad M. Response of Wheat plants to sodium and calcium ion interaction under saline environment. Int J Environ Sci Tech 2005; 2(1): 7-12. http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?st05002
Saboora A, Khadijeh K, Fatemeh B, Shokoofeh H. Salinity (NaCl) tolerance of wheat genotypes at germination and early seedling growth. Pak J Biol Sci 2006; 9(11): 2009-21. http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjbs.2006.2009.2021&org=11 http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2006.2009.2021
Akhtar P, Hussain F. Salinity tolerance of three range grasses at germination and early growth stages. Pak J Bot 2008; 40(6): 2437-41. http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/ 40(6)/PJB40(6)2437.pdf
Zafar M, Abdus SK, Muhammad AC, Muhammad AB. Triple test cross analysis for salinity tolerance in wheat. Pak J Agric Sci 2008; 45(3): 40-43.
Sayar R, Houcine B, Mohamed M, Habib K. Response of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) growth to salt and drought stresses. Czech J Genet Plant Breed 2010; 46(2): 54-63. http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/22530.pdf
Maghsoudi K, Arvin MJ. Response of seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Ecophysiol 2010; 2: 91-96. http://www.jpep.ir/browse.php? a_id=17&sid=1&slc_lang=en
Fethi B, Rassaa N, Saadoun M, Mouna N, El Gazzeh M. Genetic adaptability of durum wheat to salinity level at germination stage. Afr J Biotechnol 2011; 10(21): 4400-404. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJb/full%20text/2011/23%20May/Fethi%20et%20al.htm
Roza G, Majid K. The effects of water and salt stresses on germination in two bread wheat genotypes. Afr J Biotechnol 2011; 10(77): 17805-11. http://www.academicjournals.org/ AJb/full%20text/2011/5Dec/Gholamin%20and%20Khayatnezhad.htm
Jamall Y, Muhammad S, Jehan B. Effect of seed priming on growth and biochemical traits of wheat under saline conditions. Afr J Biotechnol 2011; 10(75): 17127-33. http://www.academicjournals.org/ajb/PDF/pdf2011/28Nov/Jamal%20et%20al.pdf
Mahmoodabad ZER, Shahzad JES, Majid K, Roza G. The study of effect salinity stress on germination and seedling growth in five different genotypes of wheat. Adv Environ Biol 2011; 5(1): 177-79. http://www.aensiweb.com/aeb/2011/177-179.pdf