Abstract
A study was conducted to determine qualitative and quantitative lead contamination in soil and vegetation along two major roadsides of Pakistan using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. There has been a rapid increase in vehicles on the highways using petroleum products, which has caused considerable raised the quantity of lead in the atmosphere increasing the risk to health. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was used as multi elemental analysis technique to cross confirm the lead contamination in the samples. The samples of soil and grass were collected from each location 100m away from the edge of roads at every 25m. The levels of lead were found to be 125mg/kg to 87mg/kg respectively in soil and grass. Hence there is high accumulation of lead in roadside soil and vegetation of linking roads of highly populated cities of Pakistan, Faisalabad and Lahore.
References
Khan S, Khan MA, Rehman S. Lead and Cadmium contamination of different roadside soils and plants in Peshawar city, Pakistan. Pedosphere 2011; 21(3): 351-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(11)60135-5
Hansmann W, Koppel V. Lead-isotopes as tracers of pollutants in soils. Chem Geol 2000; 171: 123-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00230-8
Weiss D, Shotyk W, Boyle EA, Kramers JD, Appleby PG, Cheburkin AK. Comparative study of the temporal evolution of atmospheric lead deposition in Scotland and eastern Canada using blanket peat bogs. Sci Total Environ 2002; 292: 7-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00025-6
Shi G, Chen Z, Xu S, et al. Potentially toxic metal contamination of urban soils and roadside dust in Shanghai, China. Environ Pollut 2008; 156: 251-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.02.027
Tembo DB, Sichilongo K, Cernak J. Distribution of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc concentrations in soils around Kabwe town in Zambia. Chemosphere 2006; 63: 497-501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.08.002
Mishra KV, Kim KH, Kang CH, Choi KC. Wintertime sources and distribution of airborne lead in Korea. Atmospher Environ 2004; 38: 2653-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.025
Mielke HW, Laidlaw MAS, Gonzales C. Lead (Pb) legacy from vehicle traffic in eight California urbanized areas: Counting influence of lead dust on children’s health. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408: 3965-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.017
Sun Y, Zhuang G, Zhang W, Wang Y, Zhuang Y. Characteristics and sources of lead pollution after phasing out leaded gasoline in Beijing. Atmospher Environ 2006; 40: 2973-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.032
Laidlaw MAS, Taylor MP. Potential for childhood lead poisoning in the inner cities of Australia due to exposure to lead in soil dust. Environ Pollut 2011; 159: 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.020
Rothwell JJ, Evans MG, Lindsay JB, Allott TEH. Scale-dependent spatial variability in peatland leads pollution in the southern Pennines, UK. Environ Pollut 2007; 145: 111-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.037
Wei B, Yang L. A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agriculture soils from china. Microchem J 2010; 94: 99-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2009.09.014
Kalas JA, Steinnes E, Lierhagen S. Lead exposure of small herbivorous vertebrates from atmospheric pollution. Environ Pollut 2000; 107: 21-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00155-4
Hsu CS, Liu SC, Jeng WL, et al. Lead isotope ratios in ambient aerosols from Taipei, Taiwan: Identifying long-range transport of airborne Pb from the Yangtze Delta. Atmospher Environ 2006; 40: 5393-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.003
Welz B. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Third Edition, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527611690
Lageard AGJ, Howell JA, Rothwell JJ, Drew IB. The utility of Pinus sylvestris L. in dendrochemical investigations: Pollution impact of lead mining and smelting in Darley Dale, Derbyshire, UK. On line published in Environ Pollut 2007.
Li JX, Yang XE, He ZL, Jilani G, Sun CY, Chen SM. Fractionation of lead in paddy soils and its bioavailability to rice plants. Geoderma 2007; 141: 174-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.05.006
Patrick JG, Farmer JG. A lead isotopic assessment of tree bark as a biomonitor of contemporary atmospheric lead. Sci Total Environ 2007; 388: 343-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.047
Neugschwandtner WR, Tlustos P, Komarek M, Szakova J. Phytoextraction of Pb and Cd from a contaminated agricultural soil using different EDTA application regimes: Laboratory versus field scale measures of efficiency. Geoderma 2008; 144: 446-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.11.021
Viard B, Pihan F, Promeyrat S, Pihan J. Integrated assessment of heavy metal (Pb, Zn, Cd) highway pollution: bioaccumulation in soil, Graminaceae and land snails. Chemosphere 2004; 55: 1349-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01.003
Al-Khlaifat AL, Al-Khashman OA. Atmospheric heavy metal pollution in Aqaba city, Jordan, using Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves. Atmospher Environ 2007; 41: 8891-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.028
Hol JP, Gawron AJ, Hurst JM, Yeager AR, Galen DAV, Isrenn R. Investigation of Lead and Cadmium Levels in Roadside Rhododendron Leaves in Bergen, Norway Utilizing Multivariate Analysis. Microchem J 1997; 55: 169-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mchj.1996.1410
Murakami M, Nakajima F, Furumai H, Tomiyasu B, Owari M. Identification of particles containing chromium and lead in road dust and soakaway sediment by electron probe microanalyser. Chemosphere 2007; 67: 2000-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.044
Monna F, Poujol M, Losno R, Dominik J, Annegarn H, Coetzee H. Origin of atmospheric lead in Johannesburg, South Africa. Atmospher Environ 2006; 40: 6554-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.064
Yang WQ, Shu WS, Qiu JW, Wang HB, Lan CY. Lead in paddy soils and rice plants and its potential health risk around Lechang Lead/Zinc Mine, Guangdong in China. Environ Int 2004; 30: 883-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.02.002
Chen X, Xinghui X, Zhao Y, Zhang P. Heavy metal concentrations in roadside soils and correlation with urban traffic in Beijing, China. J Hazardous Mater 2010; 181: 640-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.060