Keywords
microbiota
commensals
opportunistic microorganisms
experiment
oral mucosa
How to Cite
Abstract
Background: Despite well-documented adverse effects of tobacco consumption, cigarettes use is still rising and part of this increase is related to the popularization of alternative electronic nicotine delivery devices, such as electronic cigarettes (ECs). The aim of the performed research was to assess the effect of electronic cigarettes aerosol on the oral microbiota, using culture methods.
Methodology: 30 ten-week-old WAG rats (female 76-81 g and male 86-94 g) were randomly distributed in two groups, as follows: Group 1 – control animals (n = 10); Group 2 – EC aerosol exposed (n = 20). EC aerosol exposures were carried out by using the Boyarchuck chamber. During the study, the rat oral microbiota were collected four times: at the beginning of the experiment, on the 30th, 60th and 90th days. Microorganisms were identified using standard microbiological techniques.
Results: EC exposure to Group 2 rats resulted in a depletion of colonies commensal microbes and a greater incidence of atypical species such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Candida albicans compared to Group 1 on day 90. The test of independence between frequency distibution of opportunistic microbes and duration of EC exposure showed a significance for Klebsiella pneumoniae – χ2= 8.017, p=0.0456, Acinetobacter lwoffii – χ2= 36.772, p=0.0001, and Candida albicans – χ2=8.689, p=0.0337.
Conclusions: The impact of electronic cigarettes facilitated colonization of the oral cavity by opportunistic bacteria and yeast.
References
Onor IO, Stirling DL, Williams SR, et al. Clinical Effects of Cigarette Smoking: Epidemiologic Impact and Review of Pharmacotherapy Options. Int J Environ Res Public Health2017; 14(10): 1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101147
Messner B, Bernhard D. Smoking and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and early atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34(3): 509-515. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.300156
Feldman C, Anderson R. Cigarette smoking and mechanisms of susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract and other organ systems. J Infect 2013; 67(3): 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2013.05.004
Nazaryan RS, Kryvenko LS, Gargin VV: The role of nitric oxide synthase in the modulation of the immune response in atopic disease. The New Armenian Medical Journal 2017; 11(2): 52-57.
Kovach I, Kravchenko L, Khotimska Y, Nazaryan R, Gargin V: Influence of ozone therapy on oral tissue in modeling of chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Georgian Med News 2017; (264): 115-119.
Ludwicki JK, Góralczyk K, Struciński P, et al. Hazard quotient profiles used as a risk assessment tool for PFOS and PFOA serum levels in three distinctive European populations. Environ Int 2015; 74: 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.001
Jia G, Zhi A, Lai PFH, et al. The oral microbiota - a mechanistic role for systemic diseases. Br Dent J 2018; 224(6): 447-455. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.217
Romaniuk A, Nazaryan R, Zakut Y, Popova T, Gargin V. The impact of smoking on the morphofunctional state of periodontal tissues of young organism.Inter Collegas 2021; 8(1): 47-51.https://doi.org/10.35339/ic.8.1.47-51
Podrigalo LV, Iermakov SS, Jagiello W. Metabolic and Endocrine Changes Determined in Saliva of Adolescents Engaged in Computer Gaming. Biomed Res Int 2020; 2020: 1649759. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1649759
Nazaryan R, Kryvenko L, Zakut Y, Karnaukh O, Gargin V. Application of estimated oral health indices in adolescents with tobacco addiction. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2020; 48(287): 327-330.
Gathright EC, Wu WC, Scott-Sheldon LAJ. Electronic cigarette use among heart failure patients: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study (Wave 1: 2013-2014). Heart Lung 2020; 49(3): 229-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2019.11.006
Vallès Y, Inman CK, Peters BA, et al. Types of tobacco consumption and the oral microbiome in the United Arab Emirates Healthy Future (UAEHFS) Pilot Study. Sci Rep2018; 8(1): 11327. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29730-x
Shakhatreh MAK, Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH, Masadeh MM, Hussein EI, Bshara GN. Alterations in oral microbial flora induced by waterpipe tobacco smoking. Int J Gen Med 2018; 11: 47-54. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S150553
Kim SA, Smith S, Beauchamp C, et al. Cariogenic potential of sweet flavors in electronic-cigarette liquids. PLoS One2018; 13(9): e0203717. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203717
Belda-Ferre P, Alcaraz LD, Cabrera-Rubio R, et al. The oral metagenome in health and disease. ISME J 2012; 6(1): 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.85
Rahman MA, Hann N, Wilson A, Mnatzaganian G, Worrall-Carter L. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10(3): e0122544. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122544
Cervellati F, Muresan XM, Sticozzi C, et al. Comparative effects between electronic and cigarette smoke in human keratinocytes and epithelial lung cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28(5): 999-1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.012
Duarte PM, Tezolin KR, Figueiredo LC, Feres M, Bastos MF. Microbial profile of ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55(2): 142-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.10.006
Alanazi H, Semlali A, Chmielewski W, Rouabhia M. E-Cigarettes Increase Candida albicans Growth and Modulate its Interaction with Gingival Epithelial Cells. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16(2): 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020294
Stewart CJ, Auchtung TA, Ajami NJ, et al. Correction: Effects of tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette vapor exposure on the oral and gut microbiota in humans: a pilot study.Peer J2018; 6: e4693/correction-1. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4693/correction-1
Yu G, Phillips S, Gail MH, et al. The effect of cigarette smoking on the oral and nasal microbiota. Microbiome 2017; 5(1): 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-016-0226-6
Avila M, Ojcius DM, Yilmaz O. The oral microbiota: living with a permanent guest. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28(8): 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2009.0874
Ballbè M, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Sureda X, et al. Cigarettes vs. e-cigarettes: Passive exposure at home measured by means of airborne marker and biomarkers. Environ Res2014; 135: 76-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.005
Blair SL, Epstein SA, Nizkorodov SA, Staimer N. A Real-Time Fast-Flow Tube Study of VOC and Particulate Emissions from Electronic, Potentially Reduced-Harm, Conventional, and Reference Cigarettes. Aerosol Sci Technol 2015; 49(9): 816-827. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2015.1076156
Hess CA, Olmedo P, Navas-Acien A, Goessler W, Cohen JE, Rule AM. E-cigarettes as a source of toxic and potentially carcinogenic metals. Environ Res 2017; 152: 221-225.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.026
Schved F, Pierson MD, Juven BJ. Sensitization of Escherichia coli to nisin by maltol and ethyl maltol. Lett Appl Microbiol 1996; 22(3): 189-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.1996.tb01139.x
Homann N, Tillonen J, Meurman JH, et al. Increased salivary acetaldehyde levels in heavy drinkers and smokers: a microbiological approach to oral cavity cancer. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21(4): 663-668. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/21.4.663
Denga O, Pyndus T, Gargin V, Schneider S. Influence of metabolic syndrome on condition of microcirculatory bed of oral cavity. Georgian Med News 2017; (273): 99-104.
Muriyati, Arimbi, Asnidar, Safruddin, Thahir AIA. The association between adiponectin gene polymorphism and waist circumference changes in obese/overweight adults after aerobic exercise and diet treatment. J Pharm Nutr Sci 2019; 9(5): 247-250.
Ghadam OS, Fararouei M, Shahraki M, Sohrabi Z. Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among adolescent girls in the city of Saravan. J Pharm Nutr Sci 2020; 10(2): 68-73.
Al-Saadi LS, Ali A, Waly MI, Al-Zuhaibi KM. Impact of dietary patterns and nutritional status on the academic performance of Omani school students. J Pharm Nutr Sci 2020; 10(3): 74-87. https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2020.10.03.1
Rukmaini, Lipoeto NI, Masrul, Effendi N. The effect of health education and mobile control application program on anemia among pregnant women. J Pharm Nutr Sci 2019; 9(6): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2019.09.06.1
Volodchenko OA, Podrigalo LV, Iermakov SS, Żychowska MT, Jagiełło W. The Usefulness of Performing Biochemical Tests in the Saliva of Kickboxing Athletes in the Dynamic of Training. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019: 2014347. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2014347
Schenström A., Rönnberg S., Bodlund O. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Attitude Training for Primary Care Staff: A Pilot Study. Complementary Health Practice Review 2006; 11: 3: 144-152.https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210106297033
Lyndin M, Gluschenko N, Sikora V, et al. Morphofunctional features of articular cartilage structure. Folia Med Cracov2019; 59(3): 81-93.
Jiao Y, Hasegawa M, Inohara N. Emerging roles of immunostimulatory oral bacteria in periodontitis development. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22(3): 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2013.12.005
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.