Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
The Salerian Addictive Potential (SAP) hypothesis indicates that addictive potential may be calculated as A=E/Tmax x t1/2, where A is addictive potency, E euphoric potency, Tmax (hr) is the time to reach peak plasma concentration, and t½ (hr) is the plasma elimination half-life. However, this approach is inconsistent with first-order linear pharmacokinetics. The units of the denominator of the equation are units of acceleration (hr2), not speed (the first derivative). Therefore, the present contribution presents a minimal-model hypothesis for quantifying a drug's addictive potential. This model is superior to the SAP model because it is the simplest model, with the minimum number of parameters and assumptions, and it decreases variance through less loss of information.
References
Connor L. The Detroit Lancet. Detroit: George S. Davis, Medical Publisher 1884.
Walsh J. The Lexigton Narcotics Hospital: A special sort of Alma Mater. Science 1973; 182(7): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4116.1004
Walsh J. Addiction Research Center: Pioneers still on the frontier. Science 1973; 182: 1229-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4118.1229
Domino E. Sixty-One Years of University of Michigan Pharmacology, 1942-2003. University of Michigan Medical School Center for the History of Medicine Monograph Series No. 8. Ann Arbor: NPP Books 2007.
Acker C. Addiction and the laboratory: The work of the National Research Council's Committee on Drug Addiction, 1928-1939. Isis 1995; 86: 167-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/357152
Koob G, Sanna P. Neuroscience of addiction. Neuron 1998; 21: 467-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80557-7
Nestler E. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001; 2: 119-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35053570
Volkow N, Li T. The neuroscience of addiction. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8(11): 1429-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1105-1429
Campbell N. Discovering Addiction: The Science and Politics of Substance Abuse Research. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press 2010.
Koob G, Moal M. Neurobiology of Addiction. San Diego, CA: Academic Press 2005.
Kuhn C, Koob G. Advances in Neuroscience of Addiction. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420007350
Supiano M, Linares O, Halter J, Reno K, Rosen S. Functional uncoupling of the platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase complex in the elderly receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64(6): 1160-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-64-6-1160
Balster R, Bigelow G. Guidelines and methodological reviews concerning drug abuse liability assessment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 70: S13-S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(03)00097-8
Brady J, Lukas S. Testing drugs for physical dependence potential and abuse liability. NIDA Research Monograph 52. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1984.
Fischman M, Mello N. Testing for abuse liability of drugs in humans. NIDA Research Monograph, 92, No 89-1613. Washington, DC: U.S.Government Printing Office 1989.
Dackis C, Gold M. Addictiveness of central stimulants. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1990; 9: 9-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J251v09n01_02
Ternes J, O'Brien C. The opioids: Abuse liability and treatments for dependence. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1990; 9: 27-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J251v09n01_03
Lewis M. Alcohol: Mechanisms of addiction and reinforcement. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1990; 9: 47-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J251v09n01_04
Morgan W. Abuse liability of barbiturates and other sedative hypnotics. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1990; 9: 67-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J251v09n01_05
Collins A. An analysis of the addiction liability of nicotine. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1990; 1990: 83-101.
Roache J. Addiction potential of benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1990; 9: 103-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J251v09n01_07
Compton D, Dewey W, Martin B. Canabis dependence and tolerance production. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1990; 9: 129-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J251v09n01_08
Pollard T. Relative addiction potential of major centrally-active drugs and drug classes - inhalants and anesthetics. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1990; 1990: 149-65.
Carroll M. PCP and hallucinogens. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1990; 9: 167-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J251v09n01_10
Raper J, Kasner-Morgan L. Addiction potential of abused drugs. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1990; 9: 191-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J251v09n01_11
Gabriel J. Anesthetics and the Chemical Sublime. Raritan 2010; 30(1): 68-93.
Salerian A. A = E/Tmax x t1/2. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74: 1081-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2010.01.008
Kalivas P. Predisposition to addiction: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and brain circuitry. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160(1): 1-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.1
Linares O, Jacquez J, Zech L, et al. Norepinephrine metabolism in humans: kinetic analysis and model. J Clin Investig 1987; 80: 1332-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI113210
Wastney M, Patterson B, Linares O, Grief P, Boston R. Investigating Biological Systems Using Modeling. New York: Academic Press 1999.
Khoo K, Gibaldi M, Brazzell R. Comparison of statistical moment parameters to Cmax and Tmax for detecting differences in in vivo dissolution rates. J Pharm Sci 1985; 74: 1340-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600741219
Gibaldi M, Perrier D. Pharmacokinetics. New York: Marcel Decker 1975.
Wastney M, Patterson B, Linares O, Grief P, Boston R. Investigating Biological Systems Using Modeling. New York: Academic Press 1999.
Pepe M, Longton G. Standardizing markers to evaluate and compare their performances. Epidemiology 2005; 16: 598-603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000173041.03470.8b
Hagdu A, Dendukuri N, Hilden J. Evaluation of nucleic acid amplification tests in the absence of a perfect gold-standard test: a review of the statistical and epidemiologic issues. Epidemiology 2005; 16: 604-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000173042.07579.17
Nutt D, King L, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet 2007; 369: 1047-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4
Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Automat Contr 1974; 19: 716-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705
Daly A, Linares O, Smith M, Starling M, Supiano M. Dobutamine pharmacokinetics during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1381-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00144-6
Dieter G. Ockham's razor and its improper use. J Sci Explor 2007; 21: 135-40.
Landlaw E, DiStefano J. Multiexponential, multicompartmental, and non-compartmental modeling. II. Data analysis and statistical considerations. Am J Physiol (Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol) 1984; 246: R665-R677.
Basson R, Cerimele B, DeSante K, Howey D. Tmax: An unconfounded metric for rate of absorption in single dose bioequivalence studies. Pharmaceut Res 1996; 13(2): 324-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016019904520
Salerian A. Addictive potential: A = E/Tmax x t1/2. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74: 1081-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2010.01.008
Volkow N, Fowler J, Wang G, Baler R, Telang F. Imaging dopamines role in drug abuse and addiction. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56(Suppl 1): 3-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.05.022
Devoto P, Flore G, Pira L, Longu G, Gessa G. Alpha2-adrenoceptor mediated co-release of dopamine and noradrenaline from noradrenergic neurons in the cerebral cortex. J Neurochem 2004; 88: 1003-1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02239.x
Volkow N, Ding Y, Fowler J, et al. Is methylphenidate like cocaine? Studies on their pharmacokinetics and distribution in the human brain. Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 456-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950180042006
Volkow N, Wang G, Fowler J, et al. Cocaine uptake is decreased in the brain of detoxified cocaine abusers. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996; 14: 159-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0893-133X(95)00073-M
Volkow N, Wang G, Fowler J, et al. Relationship between psychostimulant-induced "high" and dopamine transporter occupancy. Natl Acad Sci 1996; 93: 10388-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.19.10388
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2012 Oscar A. Linares