Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
With obesity having grown to epidemic proportions, nearly half of women of reproductive age are overweight and obese and this is a major public health problem. Due to unfavourable ovarian stimulation protocols, higher gonadotropin consumption and poor results most insurance companies are reluctant to sponsor treatment for such patients .Since diet and exercise are inadequate treatments and bariatric surgery maybe too extreme, treatment in the model of other chronic diseases by combination therapies has prompted the development of novel combination therapies like Qysmia (topiramate/phentermine)/Contrave (Bupropion SR/Naltrexone SR) which simultaneously target multiple physiological pathways that regulate energy homeostasis to overwhelm endogenous compensatory mechanisms as opposed touse of monotherapies to maintain weight loss. The only concern is the slight risk of teratogenicity with topiramate hence it is better to use contraception while using topiramate/bupropionSR/naltrexoneSR. In obese diabetics the GLP-1 receptor agonists like exenatide/liraglutide remain the drugs of choice incombination with insulin, while combination of lixisenatide and insulinglargine are in the pipeline for the future.
References
Caballera B. The global epidemic of obesity: an overview. Epidemiol Rev 2007; 19: 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxm012
Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzau M, Jamison DT, Murray CJE. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors 2001: asystematic analysis of population health c data. Lancet 2006; 367: 1747-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9
Haslam DW, James WPT. Obesity Lancet 2005; 366: 1197- 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1
Misra A, Khurana I. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2008; 93(Suppl 1): S9-S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1595
Zheng H, Berthoud HR. Neural systems controlling the drive to eat: mind vs metabolism. Physiology (Bethesda) 2008; 23: 75-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00047.2007
Berthoud HR, Lenard NR, Shin AC. Food reward, hyperphagia and obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Cnmp Physiol 2011; 300(6): R1266-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00028.2011
Kulvinder Kochar Kaur-Confused hypothalamus –Acause for obesity worldwide. Gynaecological Endocrinology Abstract P 132; 2006: 22(Suppl 1) Book of Abstracts for the 12th world congress of gynaecological endocrinology, Florence, Italy: 239.
Kochar Kaur K-Role of dysregulation of autonomic nervous system versus altered hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (H-P-A) axis in drug induced obesity 7th IBRO World Congress of Neurosciences, Melbourne Australalia12-17 july 2007. -Book of Abstracts Neuroendocrinology Sun 092-13-14: 214.
Bhagat N, Agrawal M, Luthra K, Vikram NK, Misra A, Gupta R. Evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms od Pro 12Ala in peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-? and Gly 308 Ala in tumor necrosis factor–? genes in obese asian Indians: apopulation base study. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy 2010; 3: 349- 56.
Li S, lLoos RJF. Progress in the genetics of the common obesity: size matters: Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19: 113-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0b013e3282f6a7f3
Lane JA, Murray LJ, Harvey IM, Donovan JL, Nair P, Harvey RF. Randomozed clinical trial: Helicobacter pylori eradication is associated with a significant increased body mass index in a placebo. controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33(8): 922-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04610.x
YoshikawaI, Nagato M, Yamasaki M, Kelichiro K, Otsuki M. Longterm treatment with proton pump inhibitor is associated with undesired weight gain. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(38): 4794-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.4794
Kochar Kaur K, Alahbadia G, Singh M. Topiramate-A, novel drug in aiding ovulation induction (OI) in extremeobese patients resistant to any kind of OI. Gynaecological endocrinology Abstract Po-01; 2007; Book of Abstracts for the Fifth World Congress on Ovulation Induction, 13-15sep, Rome Italy: 53.
Kochar Kaur K, AllahbadIa G, Singh M. Management of the Obese infertile couple. Reproductive Medicine-Challenges, Solutions and Breakthroughs. Editors-Sulbha Arora, Rubina Merchant and Gautam Allahbadia 2013; 242-252.
Fedorsac P, Dale OP, Ertzeid G, Bjercke S, Omland KA, Abyholm T, Tambo T. Impact of overweight and underweight on assisted reproduction. Hum Reprod 2004; 19(11): 2523- 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh485
Kramer FM, Jeffrey KW, Forster JL, Snell MK. Longterm follow up of behavioral treatment for obesity patterns of weight regimen among men and women. Int J Obes 1989; 13(2): 123-36.
Ayyad C, Andersen T. Longterm efficacy of dietary treatment of obesity: a systematic review of studies published between 1931 and 1999. Obes Rev 2000; 1(2): 113-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789x.2000.00019.x
Fortes RC, Guimaraes NG, Haack A, Torres AAL, Carvalho KMB. Orlistat and sibutramine: good aid for loss and maintainancec of weight (Portuguese)? Rev Bras Nutr Clin 2006; 21: 244-51.
Gosserelin C, Cote G. Weight loss maintenance in women two to eleven years after participating in a commercial program: a survey. BMC Womens Health 2001; 1-2.
Gacdde KM, Allison DB. Combination pharmaceutical therapies for obesity. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10(6): 921-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656560902824152
Gadde KM, Allison DB. Combination therapy for obesity and metabolic disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16(5): 353-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e3283304f90
Verraatti A, Scaparrotta A, Agostinenelli S, Di Pillo S, Chiarelli F, Greese S. Topiramate induced weight loss: a review. Epilepsy Res 2011; 95(3): 185-99.
Turenius CI, Htut MM, Prodon DA, et al. GABA(A) receptors in the lateral hypothalamus as mediators of satiety and body weight regulation. Brain Res 2009; 1262: 16-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.016
Jason J, Wilkes MT, Nguyen A, Bandopadhyay GA, Nelson E, Olefsky JM. Topiramate treatment causes skeletal muscle cinsulin sensitization and increased Acrp 30 secretion in high fat fed male wistar rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289: E1015-E1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00169.2005
Astrup A, Caterson I, Zelissen P, Guygrand B, Carruba M, Levy B, Sun X. Fischer M for the OBES 004 Study Group, Obesity Res 2004; 12: 1658-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.206
Husum H, Van Kammen D, Termeer E, Bolwig G, Math A. Topiramate notmalizes hippocampal NPY-L1in flinders sensitive line “depressed” rats and upregulates NPY, galanin, and CRH-L1in the hypothalamus: implications for mood stabilizing and weightloss inducing effect. Neuropsychoendocrinology 2003; 28(7): 1292-99.
Shank RP, Gardocki JF, Vaught JL, et al. Topiramate preclinical evaluation of structurally novel anticonvulsant. Epilepsia 1994; 35(2): 450-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02459.x
Shank RP, Gardocki JF, Streefer AJ, Maryanoff BE. An overview of the preclinical aspects of topiramate pcharmacolgy: pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action. Epilepsia 2000; 41(Suppl 1): S3-S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb02163.x
Ben-Menachem E, Asclsen M, Jehansen EH, Stagge A, SmithU. Predictors of weight loss in adults with topiramate treated epilepsy. Obes Res 2003; 11(4): 556-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.78
Tramblay A, Chaput JP, Brup Parent S, et al. The effect of topiramate on energy balance on obese men: a 6 month double blind randomized placebo controlled study with a 6month open label extension. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 63(2): 123-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-006-0220-1
Khazaal Y, Zullino DE. Topiramate induced weight loss is possibly blockade of conditioned and automatic processes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 63(9): 891-892.
McElroy SL, Arnold LM, Shapira NA, et al. Topiramate in the treatment of being eating disorders associated with obesity: arandomized placebo controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160(2): 255-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.255
DeSimone G, Di Fiore A, Supuran CT. Are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors suitable for obtaining antiobesitydrugs? Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(7): 655-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208783877820
Dodgson SJ, Shank RP, Maryanoff BE. Topiramate is an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. Epilepsia 2000; c41(Suppl1): S35-S39.
Dahl H, Norskov K, Peitersen E, Hilden J. Zinc therapy of acetazolamide induced side effects. Acta Ophthalmol 1984; 62: 739-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1984.tb05801.x
Gadee KM, Allison DB, Ryan DH, et al. Effects of low dose controlled release, phentermineplus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbiditiesin overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): arandomized placebo controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011; 377(9774): 1341-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60205-5
NCBI: Topiramate: Compiund summary CID 5284627. Pub Chem Compound (website) Accessed dec2012.
NCBI. Topiramate (TN): Substancesummary SID7847603 (Website) Accessed dec2012.
Shank RP, Mryanoff BE. Molecular pharmacodynamics, clinical therapeutics and pharmokineticsof topiramate. CNS Neurosci Ther Summer 2008; 14(2): 120-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2008.00041.x
Rothman RB, Baumann MH. Appetite suppressants, cardiac valve disease and combination pharmacotherapy. Am J Ther 2009; 16(4): 354-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0b013e31817fde95
Hendricks EJ, Srisurapanont M, Schmidt SL, Haggard M, Souter S, Mitchell CL, et al. Addiction potential of phentermine prescribed during longterm treatment of obesity (APPLO Trial). Int jObes(Lond) 2013may 17epub ahead of printdoi-10. 1038/ijo. 2013. 74.
Adipex-P (Phenteramine) (prescribing information) Philadelphia, PA. Teva Pharmaceuticals, USA Inc 2012.
VIVUS I VIVUS Reports Topline Findings from FORTRESS (media release from internet), December 21, 2011, Available at http: irvivus. com. released etail. clin?Release ID=634920.
Allison DB, Gadee KM, Garvey WL, et al. Controlled –release phentermine-topiramateinseverely obese adults: arandomized controlled trial (EQUIP) Obesity (Silver Spring) Feb 2012; 20(2): 330-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.330
Garvey WT, Ryan DH, Look M. et al. Two year sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits with controlled release phentermine-topiramatein obese and overweight adults (SEQUEL): arandomized placebo controlled phase 3 extensive study. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95(2): 297-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.024927
Shin JH, Gadee KM. Clinical utility of phentermine/ toperamate (QsymiaTM) combination for the treatment of obesity. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets AND Therapy 2013; 6: 131-39.
Cosentino G, Conrad AO, Uwaifo GI. Phentermineand topiramate for the management of obesity: a review. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2013; 7: 267-78.
Volkow ND, Wise RA. How can drug addiction help us understand obesity. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8: 555-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1452
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Tomasi D, Baler R. Food and drug rewarcd: overlapping circuitsin human obesity and addiction. Curr Top Beh Neurosci 2012; 11: 1-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2011_169
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. Obesity and addiction; Neurobiological overlaps. Obes Rev 2013; 14(1): 2-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01031.x
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi GJ, Baler RD. The addictive dimensionality of obesity. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73(9): 811- 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.12.020
Michaelides M, Thanos PK, Volkow ND, Wang GK. Translational neuroimaging in drug addiction and obesity. ILAR Jr2012; 53(1): 59-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar.53.1.59
Cowley MA, Smart JL, Rubinstein M, Cerdan MG, Diano S, Horvath TL, Cone RD, Low MJ. Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus. Nature 2001; 411: 480-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35078085
Greenway FL, Dunayevich E, Tollefson G, Erickson J, Guttaduria M, Fujioka K. Cowley MA for the NB-201 Study Group. Cocmparison of Combined Buprion and Naltrexone Therapy for Obesity with Monotherapy and Placebo. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2009; 94(12): 4898-906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1350
Yeomans MR, Gray RW. Opioid peptidesand the controlof human ingestive behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2002; 26: 713-728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00041-6
Carr KD. Feeding, Drug Abuse, and the Sensitization of Reward by Metabolic Need. Neurochem Res 1996; 21(11): 1455-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02532386
Mitchell JE, Morley JE, Levine AS, Hatsukami D, Gannon M, Pfohl CD. High dose naltrxone therapy and dietary counseling for obesity. Biol Psychiatry 1987; 22: 35-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(87)90127-2
Malcolm E, O’Neil PM, Sexauer JD, Riddle FE, Currey HS, Counts C. Acontolled trial of naltrxone in obese humans. Int J Obes 1985; 9: 347-53.
Atkinson RL, Berke LK, Drake CR, Bibbs M L, Williams FL, Kaiser DL. Effects of long term therapy with naltrexone o n body weight with obesty. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985; 38: 419- 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1985.197
Greenway FL, Whitehouse MJ, Guttadoura M. Rational design of a combination medication for the treatment of obesity 2009; 17: 30-39.
Prescribing Information: Vivitrol (naltrexone for extended release injectable suspension). 2010.
Prescribing Information: Zyban (bupropion hydrochloride) sustained release tablets 2012; pp. 1-34.
Greenway FL, Fujioka K, Plodkowski RA, Mudaliar S, Guttadauria M, Erickson J, Kim Dunayevich E. COR-I Study Group. Effect of naltrexoneplus buprobionon weight loss in over weight and obese adults (COR-1): amulticentric randomizeddouble blind, placebo-controlled, phase3trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 595-605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60888-4
Naltrexone/bupropion. Adis Onlines. com. R&DProfile. Drugs RD 2010; 10(1): 25-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11537710-000000000-00000
Apovian CM, Aronne LJ, Rubino CD, Wyatt SH, Burns C, Kims DD, Dunayevich E. A Randomized, Phase 3 Trial of Naltrexone SR/BupropionSR on weight and obesity related risk factors. (COR-II). Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; doi10. 1002/0by. 20309 Epub Ahead of Print.
O’Neil PM, Smith SR, Weissman NJ, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus mellitus: the BLOOM-DM study. Obesity 2012; 20: 1426-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2012.66
Taylor JR, Dietrich E, Powell J. Lorcaserin for weight management. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity 2013; 6: 209-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S36276
Ficdler MC, Sanchez MC, Raether B, et al. A one year randomized trial of lorcaserinfor weight loss in obese and overweight adults: the BLOSSOM trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 3067-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1256
Smith SR, Weismann NJ, Andersin CM, Sanchez M, Chuang E, Stubbe S, Bays H, Shanahan WR. Multicenter, placebo controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 245-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0909809
Astrup A, Madsbad S, Breum L, Jensen RJ, Kroustrup JP, Larsen TM. Effect of tesofensine on bodyweight loss, body composition, and quality of life in obese patients: a randomized double –blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 1906-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61525-1
Neurosearch: Neurosearch successfully completes End of Phase II meeting eith the FDA for for tesofensine, a treatment for obesity, Available from: http: /newscclient. omxgroup.com/ed-sPublic/viewDisclosure,action? disclosureId=329924&messageId=396203(updated2009jun8)
Li M, Cheung BMY. Pharmacotherapy for obesity. Br J Clin Psychol 2009; 68(6): 804-10.
Chapman I, Parker B, Doran S, Feinle-Bisset C, Wishart JLush CW, et al. Low dose pramliintide reduced food intake and meal duration in healthy, normal weight subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 1179-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.626
Aronne L, Fujioka K, Aroda V, et al. Progressive reduction in body weight after treatment with the amylin analog pramlintide in obese subjects: aphase 2 radomized, placebocontrolled, dose-escalation study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92(8): 2977-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-2003
Ravussin E, Smith SR, Mitchell IA, et al. Enhanced weight loss with pramlintide/metreleptin: an integrated neurohotmonal to obesity pharmacotherapy. Obesity 2009; 17(9): 1736-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.184
Pollack AFDA, Panel votes against Obesity. The New York Times, 2010, http: //www. nytimmes. com. 2010/07/16/health/ 16obese. html?. r=1&ref=foodand__drug_administration.
Madsbad S. Liraglutide effect and action in diabetes (LEAD) trial. Expert Review of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009; 4(2): 119-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/17446651.4.2.119
Nauck M, Frid A, Hermansen K, et al. Efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimepride and placebo, all in combinations with metformin, in type 2 diabetes 2009; 32(1): 84-90.
Astrup A, Rossner S, Van Gaal I, et al. Effrcts of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: arandomized double blind, placebo controlled study. Lancet 2009; 374(9701): 1606-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61375-1
Petersen AB, Christensen M. Clinical potential of lixisenatide once daily treatment for type2 diabetes mellitus. Diebetes, Metabolis Syndrome, and Obesity 2013; 6: 217-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S45379
De Petrocellis L, Cascio MG, Di Marzo V. The endocannabinoid system: ageneral review and latest editions. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141: 765-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705666
Crespo D, Gomez de Heras R, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Navarro M. Pretreatment with subeffective doses of rimonabant attenuates orexigenic actions of orexin-Ahypocretin1. Neuropharmacology 2008; 54: 219-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.05.027
Leite CE, Mocelin CA, Petersen GO, Lea MB, Thiesen FV. Rimonabant: an antagonist drug of the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of obesity. Pharmacological Reports 2009; 61: 217-24.
Van-Gaal LF, Rissanen AM, Scheen AJ, Ziegler O, Rossner S. RIO-Europe Study Group. Effects of the cannabinoid - I receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients 1year experiencefrom theRIO-Europe study. Lancet 2005; 365: 1389-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66374-X
Pi-Sunyere FX, Aronne H, Heshmati HM, Devin I, Rosenstock I. RIO-North America Study Group-Effect of rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker on eright and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese patients- RIO-North America: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 295: 761-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.7.761
Despres JP, Golay A, Sjostrom L. Rimonabant in obesity- Lipids Study Group. Effect of timonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients in with dyslipidaemia. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2121-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa044537
Scheen AI, Finer N, Hollander P, Jensen MD, Vas-Gaal LF. RIO-Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy and tolerability of rimonabant in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes: arandomised controlled study. Lancet 2006; 368: 1660-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69571-8
Sun Y, Chen J. Rimonabant, Gastrointestinal Motility and Obesity. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 10: 212-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157015912803217297
Heppenstall C, Bunce S, Smith C. Relationships between glucose, energy intake and dietary composition in obese adults with type 2diabetes receiving the cannabinoid 1(CB1)receptor antagonist, rimonabant. Nutr J 2012; 11: 50, (1-6).
Aronne LJ, Tonstad S, Moreno M, Gantz I, Erondu N, Suryawanshi N, et al. Aclinical trial assessing the safety and efficacy of tara nabant, a CB1 Rinverse agonist in obese and onerweight patients-a highdose study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34: 919-35.
Shrinivasan M, Skariyachan S, Aparna V, Kolte VR. Homology modeling of CB1 receptor and selection of potential inhibitor against obesity. Bioinformation 2012; 11(8): 523-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630008523
Dixon JB, Ziriatmmet P, Alberti KG, Rubino F. Bariatric Asurgery: anIDF statement for obese type2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2011; 28: 628-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03306.x
Zhang H, DiBaise JK, Zuccolo A, Kudtna D, Braidotti M, Yu Y, et al. Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass. PNAS 2009; 100(7): 2365-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812600106
Mingrove G, Panunzi S, De Gaetaano A, et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therap0y on obese persons with diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1577-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1200111
Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1567-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1200225
Kumar N, Thompson CC. Endoscopic solutions for weight loss. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011; 27: 407-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0b013e328349e240
Nanni G, Familliari P, Mor A, Iaconelli A, Perri V, Rubino F, et al. Effectiveness of Ttransoral Endoscopic Vaertical Gastroplasty (TOGa): agood balance between weight loss and complications, if compared with gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion. Obes Surg 2012; 22(12): 1897-902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11695-012-0770-5
deMoura EG, Martins BC, Lopes GS, Orso IR, deOliveira SL, Galvao Neto MP, et al. Metabolic improvements in obese type 2 diabetes subjects implanted for 1 year with endoscopically deployed duodenal-jejunal bypass liner. Diabetes Technol Ther 2012; 14(2): 183-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/dia.2011.0152
Abu–Dayyeh BK, Jirapinyo P, Weitzner Z, Barker C, Flicker MS, Lautz DB, Thompsin CC. Endoscopic sclerotherapy for the treatment of weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: outcomes, complications, and predictors of response in 575 procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76(2): 275-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2012.03.1407
Kumbak B, Oral E, Bukulmez O. Female obesity and assisted reproductive technologies. Semin Reprod Med 2012; 30(6): 507-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1328879
Karasu T, Marczylo TH, Maccarrone M, Konje JC. The role of sex steroids hormones, cytokines and the endocannabinoid system in female fertility. Hum Reprod Update 2011; 17(3): 347-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmq058
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2013 Kulvinder Kochar Kaur, Gautam Allahbadia , Mandeep Singh