Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Using high performance liquid chromatography, we established that probiotic Lactobacillus strains (Lactobacillus helveticus 100ash, L. helveticus NK-1, L. casei K3III24, and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus) grown on two milk-containing nutrient media produce important neuromediators such as biogenic amines, their precursors and deamination products, as well as neuroactive amino acids. The concentrations of biogenic amines (such as catecholamines and, with L. helveticus 100ash, also serotonin) equal or exceed those contained in the bloodstream of healthy adult humans, whereas those of most amino acids are comparatively low, except for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Of paramount importance is the fact that the bacterial cultures can release micromolar amounts of GABA and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)into the milk-containing media. It is known that DOPA passes through the gut-blood and the blood-brain barrier and converts into major neurotransmitters (dopamine and norepinephrine) that influence important aspects of human behavior. The data obtained suggest that dairy products fermented by live lactobacilli-containing starters are potential sources of human behavior-modifying substances.
References
Lyte M. The role of microbial endocrinology in infectious disease. J Endocrinol 1993; 137: 343-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1370343
Lyte M. The microbial organ in the gut as a driver of homeostasis and disease. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74: 634-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.10.025
Lyte M. Probiotics function mechanistically as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds: microbial endocrinology in the design and use of probiotics. Bioessays 2011; 33: 574-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.201100024
Lyte M. Microbial endocrinology in the microbe-gut-brain axis: how bacterial production and utilization of neurochemicals influence behavior. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9(11): e1003726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003726
Shenderov BA. Impact of the microbial factor on the formation of the pool of free histamine and other amines in the host organism in relation to the development of allergic responses. In: Medical Microbial Ecology and Functional Nutrition. Vol. 2. The Social and Ecological Consequences of an Imbalance in Animal/Human Microbial Ecology. Moscow: Grant 1998; pp. 227-48.
Oleskin AV. Biopolitics. The political potential of the life sciences. Hauppauge (New York): Nova Science Publishers 2012.
Oleskin AV. Network structures in biological systems and in human society. Hauppauge (New York): Nova Science Publishers 2014.
Oleskin AV, Shenderov BA. Biopolitical approach to rehabilitation: the potential impact of microbial neurochemistry. A review. Regen Med J 2013; 1: 60-7.
Roshchina VV. Evolutionary considerations of neurotransmitters in microbial, plant, and animal cells. In: Lyte M, Freestone PP, editors. Microbial endocrinology: interkingdom signaling in infectious disease and health. New York: Springer Science + Business Media 2010; pp. 17-52.
Shenderov BA. Innovative products and driver ingredients in the dairy market. Dairy Industry 2013; 6: 62-6.
Voropaeva EA. Antibiotic resistance and histamine production by the bacteria isolated from the oro-pharynx of children with bronchial asthma. Antibiotics Chemotherapy 2002; 3: 19-23.
Forsythe P, Sudo N, Dinan T, Taylor VH, Bienenstock J. Mood and gut feelings. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24: 9-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.05.058
Oleskin AV, Shishov VI, Malikina KD. Symbiotic biofilms and brain neurochemistry. Hauppauge (New York): Nova Science Publishers 2010.
Barrett E, Ross RP, O’Toole PW, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C. Gamma-aminobutyric acid production by culturable bacteria from the human intestine. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113: 411-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05344.x
Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior. Nature Rev Neurosci 2012; 13(10): 701-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3346
Saulnier DM, Ringel Y, Heyman MB, et al. The intestinal microbiome, probiotics and prebiotics in neurogastroenterology. Gut Microbes 2013; 4: 17-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.22973
Foster JA. Gut feelings: Bacteria and the brain. Cerebrum [serial on the Internet
Shishov VA, Kirovskaya TA, Kudrin VS, Oleskin AV. Amine neuromediators, their precursors, and oxidation products in the culture of Escherichia coli K-12. Appl Biochem Microbiol 2009; 45(5): 494-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0003683809050068
Shishov VA. Biogenic amines and their dynamics during the growth of microbial cultures. Cand. Sci. [Biol.
Bai AP, Ouyang Q. Probiotics and inflammatory bowel diseases. Postgraduate Med J 2006; 82: 376-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2005.040899
Masters RD. Biology and politics: linking nature and nurture. Ann Rev Pol Sci 2001; 4: 345-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.345
Blank RH, Hines SM. Biology and political science. London: Routledge 2001.
Somit A, Peterson SA. Introduction. In: S. A. Peterson SA, A. Somit A, editors. Research in Biopolitics. Vol.9. Biology and politics. The cutting edge. UK, North America, Japan, etc.: Emerald Group Publ. Ltd. 2011; pp. 3-10.
Zhilenkova OG, Shenderov BA, Klodt PM, Kudrin VS, Oleskin AV. Dairy products as potential sources of compounds that modify their consumers’ behavior. Dairy Industry 2013; 10: 16-9.
Dubynin VA, Kamensky AA, Sapin MP, Sivoglazov VN. Regulatory systems of the human organism. Moscow: Drofa 2003.
MedLine Plus. Plasma amino acids. Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health [updated 2014 july 9; cited 2014 July 30
Orlov RS, Nozdrachev AD. Normal physiology. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media 2009.
Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ, Goldstein DC. Catecholamine metabolism: a contemporary view with implications for physiology and medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2004; 56(3): 331-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.56.3.1
Yashin AY, Yashin YI. Measuring options with a TsvetYauza liquid chromtographer equipped with electrochemical detectors. Ros Khim J 2002; 4: 1090-15.
Kudrin VS, Klodt PM, Narkevich VB, et al. The behavioral and neurochemical aspects of the antidepressive action of GSB-106, a dipeptide fragment of brain neurotrophic factor BDNF. Exp Clin Pharmacol 2012; 75: 41-5.
Khoroshilova IE, Panov PB. Clinical Nutritiology. Moscow: Nauka 2006.
Eldrup E. Significance and origin of DOPA, DOPAC and dopamine-sulfate in plasma, tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. Dan Med Bull 2004; 31: 34-62.
McPherson RA, Pincus MR, editors. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders 2011.
Abbott RJ, Pye IF, Nahorski SR. CSF and plasma GABA levels in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982; 45: 253-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.45.3.253
Potter B, Orfali S. Brain boosters. Foods and drugs that make you smarter. Berkeley (CA): Ronin Publishing 1993.
Douglas-Escobar V, Elliott E, Neu J. Effect of intestinal microbial ecology on the developing brain. JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167(4): 374-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.497
Hsiao EY, McDride AW, Hsien S, et al. Microbiota modulates behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell 2013; 155: 1451-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.024
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2014 Alexander V. Oleskin, Olga G. Zhilenkova, Boris A. Shenderov, Adelaide M. Amerhanova, Vladimir S. Kudrin , Peter M. Klodt