Abstract
Nanotechnology provides a wide technological platform for varying range of potential applications. Nanotechnology is the design, characterization, synthesis and application of materials, structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale, 1-100nm. Nanotechnology is being employed in the pharmaceutical field to improve drug solubility, bioavailability and delivery to various sites of action. To overcome the limitations in cellular uptake of highly active molecules, the use of nano carriers is the focus of modern drug delivery. Strategies like Nanosponges for enhancing solubility of poorly water soluble drugs, Nanocantilevers for detection of biomarkers of cancer, Quantum dots for medical imaging, Dendrimers for photodynamic therapy and gene transfection, Solid lipid nanoparticles as cosmeceuticals are employed. Nanodevices like respirocytes and microbivore are used for temporary replacement for natural blood cells in case of emergencies. In this review, therapeutic applications of various nano-structured materials have been discussed.
References
Gommersall L, Shergill IS, Ahmed HU, Hayne D, Arya M, Patel HRH, Hashizume M, Gill IS. Nanotechnology and Its Relevance to the Urologist. Journal of European Urology 2007; 52: 368-375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2007.04.065
Jain NK. Controlled and novel Drug Delivery, 1st edition 2001, CBS Publication; 292-301.
Khar RK, Vyas SP. Nanoparticles in targeted and controlled drug delivery novel carrier systems. New Delhi: CBS publishers and distributors 2002; 331-385.
Feng S, Chien S. Chemotherapeutic engineering: application and further development of chemical engineering principles for chemotherapy of cancer and other diseases. Chemical Engineering Science 2003; 58: 4087-4114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(03)00234-3
Cheng Y, Tongwen X. Dendrimers as Potential Drug Carriers. Part I. Solubilization of Non-Steroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs in the presence of Polyamidoamine Dendrimers. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2005; 40: 1188-1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.06.010
Silva Jr, NP, Menacho FP, Chorilli M. Dendrimers as potential platform in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. Journal of Pharmacy 2012; 2(5): 23-30.
Malik A, Chaudhary S, Garg G, Tomar A. Dendrimers: A Tool for Drug Delivery. Advances in Biological Research 2012; 6(4): 165-169.
Ina M. Dendrimer: A Novel Drug Delivery System. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics 2011; 1(2): 70-74.
Sonke S, Tomalia DA. Dendrimers in biomedical applications reflections on the Field. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2005; 57: 2106-2129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2005.09.018
Kumar P. Dendrimer: a novel polymer for drug delivery. JITPS 2010; 1(6): 252-269.
Waghmare AS, Grampurohith ND, Gadhave MV, Gaikwad DD, Jadhav SL. Solid lipid Nanoparticles: A promising drug delivery system. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 2011 3(4): 2230-8407.
Mukherjee S, Ray S, Thakur RS. Solid lipid nanoparticles: A modern formulation approach in drug delivery system. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2009; 71: 349-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.57282
Mehnert W, Mader K. Solid lipid nanoparticles: Production, characterization, applications. Advanced Drug Delivery Review 2001; 47: 165-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00105-3
Ekambaram P, Abdul Hassan Sathali A, Priyanka K. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Review. Sci Revs Chem Community 2012; 2(1): 80-102.
Chen H, Chang X, Du D, Liu W, Liu J, Weng T, Yang Y, Xu, H, Yang X. Podophyllotoxin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for epidermal targeting. Journal of Control Release 2006; 110(2): 296-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.052
Waghmare AS, Grampurohith ND, Gadhave MV, Gaikwad DD, Jadhav SL. Solid lipid Nanoparticles: A promising drug delivery system. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 3(4): 2230-8407.
Selvamuthukumar S, Anandam S, Kannan K, Manavalan R. Nanosponges: A Novel Class of Drug Delivery System- Review. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2012; 15(1): 103-111.
Shankar S, Linda P, Loredana S, Francesco T, Pradeep V, Dino A, Michele T, Gianpaolo Z, Roberta C. Cyclodextrinbased nanosponges encapsulating camptothecin: Physicochemical characterization stability and cytotoxicity. European Journal of Pharmacy and Biopharmaceutics 2010; 74: 193-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.11.003
Sharma R, Walker RB, Pathak K. Evaluation of Kinetics and Mechanism of Drug Release from Econazole nitrate Nanosponge Loaded Carbapol Hydrogel. Ind Journal of Pharmaceutical and Educational Research 2011; 45(1): 25- 31.
Swaminathan S, Vavia PR. Formulation of beta Cyclodextrin based nanosponges of Itraconazole. Journal of Inclu Phenom Macro Chem 2007; 57: 89-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10847-006-9216-9
Naga Silpa J, Nissankararao S, Bhimavarapu R, Lakshmi Sravanthi S, Vinusha K, Renuka K. Nanosponges: A versatile drug delivery system. International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences -A Review 2013; 4(8): 0976-7126.
Jilsha G, Viswanad V. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review 2013; 19(2): 119-123.
Nair PR, Alam MA. Performance limits of nanobiosensors. Applied Physics Letters 2006; 88 (23): 23-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2211310
Lavrik NV, Sepaniak MJ, Datskos PG. Cantilever transducers as a platform for chemical and biological sensors, Review of Scientific Instruments 2004; 75: 2229-2253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1763252
Bakalova, Zhelev Z, Ohbc H. Quantum dots as photosensitizers. Journal of Nature and Biotechnology 2004; 22: 1360-1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1104-1360
Rathore KS, Lowalekar R, Nema RK. Quantum dots: A future drug delivery system. The Pharma Review 2006; 4: 30-32.
Dey NS, Bhanoji Rao ME. Quantum Dot: Novel Carrier for Drug Delivery. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences 2011; 2(2): 448- 458
Kam NWS, Liu Z, Dai H. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes via cleavable disulfide bonds for efficient intracellular delivery of siRNA and potent gene silencing. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2005; 126 (36): 12492-12493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja053962k
Zhang W, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. The application of carbon nanotubes in target drug delivery systems for cancer therapies. Nanoscale Research Letters 2011; 6: 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-6-555
Kam NWS, Jessop TC, Wender PA, Dai H. Nanotube molecular transporters: internalization of carbon nanotubeprotein conjugates into mammalian cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2004; 126(22): 6850-6851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0486059
Elhissi AMA, Ahmed W, Israr Ul Hassan, Dhanak VR, D'Emanuele A. Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy and Drug Delivery. Journal of Drug Delivery 2012; 2012.
Liu X, Tao H, Yang K, Zhang S, Lee S-T, Liu Z. Optimization of surface chemistry on single-walled carbon nanotubes for in vivo photo thermal ablation of tumors. Biomaterials 2011; 32(1): 144-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.096
Yang D, Yang F, Hu J, Long J, Wang C, Fu D, Ni Q. Hydrophilic multiwalled carbon nanotubes decorated with magnetite nanoparticles asymphatic targeted drug delivery vehicles. Chem Commun 2009; 29: 4447-4449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b908012k
Mishra J, Dash AK, Kumar R. Nanotechnology Challenges; Nanomedicine: Nanorobots. International Research Journal of Pharmaceuticals 2012; 2(4): 112-119.
Satyaveni M, Sai Sowjanya M, Sreenivasulu K, Sreekanth N, Baburao C. Respirocytes: Mechanical Artificial Red Blood Cells 2013; 4(4): 297-301.
Drexler KE. Molecular engineering: an approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 5275-5278.
Merkle RC. The technical feasibility of cryonics. Med Hypoth 1992; 39: 6-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(92)90133-W
Spence RK. The status of bloodless surgery. Transfusion Med Rev 1991; 5: 274-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0887-7963(91)70220-4
Young son C, Nurse C, Yeger H, Cutz E. Oxygen sensing in airway chemoreceptors. Nature 1993: 363-155
Pearson D, Shaw S. Life Extension: A Practical Scientific Approach. New York: Warner Books 1983.
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2014 A. Krishna Sailaja; A. Saritha Reddy, V. Sreelola, P. Swathi , Ch. Vineela