Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
The present study was aimed to create scientific insights that validate the traditional use of bark of ethanolic extract of S. cumini in thrombosis, CNS depression and in diarrheal cases. The CNS depressant activity was evaluated by observing the locomotor activity of the animals in the open field and forced swim methods at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight and the anti-diarrheal activity was evaluated through castor oil induced method and charcoal induced GI motility tests. Finally thrombolytic activity assessment was done by employing Streptokinase as standard. In this study, among the five different concentrations 10 mg/ml showed maximum clot lysis that was 48.5%, whereas standard showed 51.05% lysis of clot. In case of open field test, the mean number of movement at 60 min were 20 and 31.11 at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. In case of castor oil induced method the above two doses of bark extract of S. cumini exhibited 23.07% and 36.67% of diarrheal inhibition compared to the standard Loperamide (5mg/kg) was 50%. For charcoal induced GI motility test, diarrheal inhibition was 23.07% and 36.67%. The present revealed that ethanolic bark extract of bark of S. cumini justify its traditional uses through good thrombolytic, CNS depressant and anti-diarrheal activity.
References
Dubey NK, Kumar R, Tripathi P. Global promotion of herbal medicine: India's opportunity. Curr Sci 2004; 86: 37-41.
WHO. Resolution-promotion and development of training and research in traditional medicine. Geneva: WHO 1977; 49-49.
WHO. Geneva Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine: A Worldwide Review. Geneva: World Health Organisation 2001; 129-143.
Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods. A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. London: Chapman and Hall 1973; 1.
Sofowora A. Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicine in Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum Books 1996; 2: 112.
Tyler VE. Phytomedicines: Back to the future. J Nat Prod 1999; 62: 1589-1592. https://doi.org/10.1021/np9904049
Reddy LJ, Jose B, Anjana JC, Ruveena TN. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Trichosanthes Cucumerina L. and Cassia didymobotrya Fres. leaves. Int J Pharma Pharm Sci 2010; 2: 153-155.
Chase MW, Reveal JL. A phylogenetic classification of land plants to accompany APG III. Bot J LInnean Society 2009; 161: 122-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. Periodical Experts 1975; 2: 1052-53.
Nadkarni KM, Indian Materia medica. Popular bool depot Bombay 1954; 1: 516-18.
Dhiman AK. Ayurvedin Drug Plants. Delhi: Daya Publishing House 2006; 163-64.
Jabeen K, Javaid A. Antifungal activity of Syzygium cumini against Ascochyta rabiei-the cause of chickpea blight. Nat Prod Res 2010; 24(12): 1158-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410902941154
Goyal PK, Verma P, Sharma P, Parmar J, Agarwal A. Evaluation of anti-cancer and anti-oxidant potential of Syzygium cumini against benzopyrene (BaP) induced gastric carcinogenesis in mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11(3): 753-58.
Ravi K, Sivagnanam K, Subramanjan S. Antidiabetic activity of Eugenia Jambolana seed kernels on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Med Food 2004; 7(2): 187-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/1096620041224067
Muruganandan S, Srinivasan K, Chandra S, Tandan SK, Lal J, Raviprakash V. Anti-inflammatory activity of Syzygium cumini bark. Fitoterapia 2001; 72(4): 369-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00325-7
De Lima TCM, Klueger PA, Pereira PA, Macedo Neto WP, Morato GS. Behavioral effects of crude and semi purified extracts of Syzygium cumini Linn Skeels. Phytothar Res 1998; 12(7): 488-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199811)12:7<488::AID-PTR344>3.0.CO;2-0
Chaturvedi A, Kumar MM., Bhaiwani G, Chaturvedi H. Effect of ethanolic extract of Eugenia jambolana seeds on gastric ulceration and secretion in rats. Indian J Pysiol Pharmacol 2007; 51(2): 131-40.
Rana NS, Joshi MN. Investigation on the antiviral activity of ethanolic extracts of Syzygium species. Fitoterpia 1992; 63(3): 542-44.
Jha LK. Natural Resource Management: Mizoram. New Delhi: Efficient offset printers 1997; 238.
Atata RF, Sani A, Ajewole SM. Effect of Stem Bark Extracts of Enantia chloranta on some clinical isolates. Nigeria Society for Experimental Biology 2003; 15(2): 84 - 92.
Prasad S, Kashyap RS, Deopujari JY, Purohit HY, Taori GM, Daginawala HF, et al. Effect of Fagonia Arabica (Dhamasa) on in vitro thrombolysis. BMC Complem Alter Med 2007; 7: 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-7-36
Gupta R, Sharma AK, Sharma MC, Dobhal MP, Gupta RS. Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of lupeol in experimental hyperglycaemia. Nat Prod Res 2012; 26(12): 1125-1129. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2011.560845
File SE, Wardill AG. Validity of Head Dipping as a Measure of Exploration in a Modified Hole-Board. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 1975; 44: 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421184
Uddin SJ, Sjilpi JA, Alam SMS, Alamgir M, Rahman MT, Sarker SD. Antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol extract of the barks of Xylocarpus moluccensis in castor oil- and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea models in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 101: 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.006
Awouters F, Neimegeers CJE, Lenaert FM, Janssen PAJ. Delay of castor oil diarrhoea in rats; A new way to evaluate inhibitors of prostaglandin’s biosynthesis. J Pharm Pharmacol 1978; 30: 41-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1978.tb13150.x
Mukherjee PK, Saha K, Murugesan T, Mandal SC, Pal M, Saha BP. Screening of antidirrhoeal pro?le of some plant extracts of a speci?c region of West Bengal. Indian J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 60: 85-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00130-X
Bakare RI, Magbagbeola OA, Akinwande AI, Okunowo OW, Green M. Antidiarrhoeal Activity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Momordica charantia in Rats. J Pharmacog Phytother 2011; 3(1): 1-7.
Mascolo N, Izzo AA, Autore G, Barbato F, Capasso F. Nitric oxide and castor oil induced diarrhea. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 1994; 268: 291-295.
Rao SS, Kuo B, Mc Callum RW. Investigation of Colonic and Whole Gut Transit with Wireless Motility Capsule and Radio opaque Markers in Constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 537-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2009.01.017
Rani S, Ahamed N, Rajaram S, Saluja R, Thenmozhi S, Murugesan T. Anti-diarrhoeal of Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. Leaf extract in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 68: 315-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00103-8
Karim A, Makhfi H, Ziyyat A, Legssyer A, Bnouham M. Antidiahoeal activity of crude aqueous extract of Rubia tinctorum l. Roots in rodent. J Smooth Muscle Resour 2010; 46(2): 119-123. https://doi.org/10.1540/jsmr.46.119
Furie B, Furie BC. Mechanisms of thrombus formation. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 938-949. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0801082
Das A, Dewan SMR, Ali MR, Debnath PC, Billah MM. Investigation of in vitro thrombolytic potential of ethanolic extract of Momordica charantia fruits: An anti-diabetic medicinal plant. Der Pharmacia Sinica 2013; 4: 104-108.
Pantzar M, Ljungh A, Wadström T. Plasminogen binding and activation at the surface of Helicobacter pylori CCUG 17874. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 4976-4980.
Hussain MS, Hossain MS, Amin MT, Millat MS. In vitro thrombolytic potentials of methanolic extract of Vigna unguiculata Linn (seed). J Pharmacog Phytochem 2016; 5(3): 129-131.
Dewan SMR, Das A. Investigation of in vitro thrombolytic potential and phytochemical nature of Crinum latifolium L. leaves growing in coastal region of Bangladesh. Int J Bio Pharm Res 2013; 4: 1-7.
Hussain SS, Mariappan M, Kuncha J. Priliminary Phytochemical Screening, Anthelmintic Activity of Methanolic and Aqueous Extract of Syzygium Cumini Linn. Bark (Myrtaceae). J Pharm Sci Res 2011; 3(9): 1460-1465.
Kamal A. Phytochemical screening of Syzygium cumini seeds. Indian J Plant Sci 2014; 3 (4): 1-4.
Porsolt RD. Animal models of depression: utility for transgenic research. Rev Neurosci 2000; 11: 5. https://doi.org/10.1515/REVNEURO.2000.11.1.53
Ripa FA, Dash PR, Faruk MO. CNS depressant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of methanolic seed extract of Calamus rotang Linn. fruits in rat. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2015; 3(5): 121-125.
Verma A, Jana GK, Sen S, Chakraborty R, Sachan S, Mishra A. Pharmacological evaluation of Saraca indica leaves for central nervous system depressant activity in mice. J Pharm Sci Res 2010; 2(6): 338-343.
Kolawole OT, Makinde JM, Olajide OA. Central nervous system depressant activity of Russelia equisetiformis. Niger J Physiol Sci 2007; 22: 59-63.
Abdulla YA. Possible Anti-Diarrheal Effect of the date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) Spathe Aqueous Extract in Rats. Scient J King Faisal Univ 2008; 9(1): 1429H.
Bakare RI, Magbagbeola OA, Akinwande AI, Okunowo OW, Green M. Antidiarrhoeal Activity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Momordica charantia in Rats. J Pharmacog Phytother 2011; 3(1): 1-7.
Niemegeers CLE, Lenaerts FM, Janseen PAJ. Loperamide (R-18553) a novel type of antidiarrheal agents part 1 Invitro oral Pharmacology and acute toxicity Comparison with morphine, codeine, diphenoxylate and difenoxine. Arzneimettelforsch 1924; 24: 1633-1636.
Galvez J, Zarzuelo A, Crespo ME, Lorente MD, Ocete MA, Jimerez J. Anti-diarrheal activity of Euphorbia hirta extract and isolation of an active constituents. Planta medica 1993; 59: 333-336. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-959694
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2018 Fokhrul Abedin , Md. Saddam Hussain , Areful Islam , Niloy Sen , Abhijit Das , Auditi Kar , Md. Monir Hossain , Md. Shalahuddin Millat , Mohammad Safiqul Islam