Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Baccharoides adoensis is a shrub widely used as traditional medicine throughout its distributional range in tropical Africa. This study is aimed at providing a critical review of the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry, and medicinal uses of B. adoensis. Documented information on the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry, and medicinal uses of B. adoensis was collected from several online sources which included Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct. Additional information on the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry, and medicinal uses of B. adoensis was gathered from pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles, and scientific publications sourced from the university library. The articles published between 1962 and 2020 were used in this study. This study showed that the roots, flowers, stems, and leaves of B adoensis are widely used as ethnoveterinary medicine and traditional medicines for backbone pain, reproductive problems, kidney diseases, fever and febrile complaints, wounds, ulcers, sexually transmitted infections, skin complaints, malaria, gastro-intestinal problems and respiratory problems. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include alkaloids, carbohydrates, chondrillasterol, flavonoids, free sugars, glaucolides, glycosides, phenols, proanthocyanidin, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. Pharmacological research revealed that B. adoensis extracts and compounds isolated from the species have antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, anti-pyretic, antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial, anti-ulcer and gastroprotective, immunomodulating, inhibition of Helicobacter pylori adhesion, larvicidal, cytotoxicity and toxicity activities. Baccharoides adoensis should be subjected to detailed phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological evaluations aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with its phytochemistry and pharmacological activities.
References
Isawumi MA, El-Ghazaly G, Nordenstam B. Pollen morphology, floral microcharacters and taxonomy of the genus Baccharoides Moench (Vernonieae: Asteraceae). Grana 1996; 35: 205-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00173139609430008
Robinson H. Six new combinations in Baccharoides Moench and Cyanthillium Blume (Vernonieae: Asteraceae). Proceed Biol Soc Washington 1990; 103: 248-53.
Robinson H, Skvarla JJ, Funk VA. Vernonieae (Asteraceae) of southern Africa: A generic disposition of the species and a study of their pollen. PhytoKeys 2016; 60: 49-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734
Germishuizen G, Meyer NL. Plants of southern Africa: An annotated checklist. Pretoria: Strelitzia 14, National Botanical Institute; 2003.
Schmidt E, Lotter M, McCleland W. Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Johannesburg: Jacana Media; 2017.
Pope GV. Compositae. In Pope GV (Ed.), Flora Zambesiaca: Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana vol. 6 (1). Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; 1992, pp. 1-264.
Dharani N. Field guide to common trees and shrubs of East Africa. Cape Town: Struik Nature; 2019.
Van Wyk B-E, Van Oudtshoorn B, Gericke N. Medicinal plants of South Africa. Pretoria: Briza Publications; 2013.
Cunningham AB. African medicinal plants: setting priorities at the interface between conservation and primary health care. Paris: People and Plants working paper 1, UNESCO; 1993.
Austarheim I, et al. Inulin-rich fractions from Vernonia kotschyana roots have anti-ulcer activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 144: 82-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.031
Inngjerdingen KT, et al. Chemical and biological charac-terization of polysaccharides from wild and cultivated roots of Vernonia kotschyana. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 139: 350-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.044
Vasincu A, et al. Vernonia kotschyana roots: therapeutic pot-ential via antioxidant activity. Molecules 2014; 19: 19114-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191119114
Mekuanent T, Zebene A, Solomon Z. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Chilga district, northwestern Ethiopia. J Nat Remedies 2015; 15(2): 88-112. https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2015/476
Anywar G, et al. Medicinal plants used in the treatment and prevention of malaria in Cegere subcounty, northern Uganda. Ethnobot Res Appl 2016; 14: 505-16. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.14.0.505-516
Okello D, Kang Y. Exploring antimalarial herbal plants across communities in Uganda based on electronic data. Evidence-Based Compl Alt Med 2019; article ID 3057180. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3057180
Ibrahim G, et al. Studies on acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory effects of Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae) ethanol leaf extract. Nigerian J Pharmaceut Sci 2009; 8: 8-12.
Ibrahim G, Ogaji YN. Crude flavonoids from Vernonia kotschyana possess antimicrobial activity. Nigerian J Pharmaceut Sci 2012; 11(2): 41-9.
Toyang NJ, Verpoorte R. A review of the medicinal potentials of plants of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 146: 681-723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.040
Vasincu A, et al. Effects of aqueous extract of Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp roots on experimental gastric ulcer in mice. Farmacia 2019; 67(5): 836-43. https://doi.org/10.31925/farmacia.2019.5.12
Pujol J. Nature Africa: The herbalist handbook. Durban: Jean Pujol Natural Healers' Foundation; 1990.
Hutchings A, et al. Zulu medicinal plants: An inventory. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press; 1996.
Mengesha GG. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in treating human and livestock health problems in Mandura Woreda of Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia. Advancement Med Plant Res 2016; 4(1): 11-26.
Long C. Swaziland’s flora: Siswati names and uses. Mbambane, Swaziland: Swaziland National Trust Commission, 2005. Available from: http://www .sntc.org.sz/index.asp, accessed on 19 January 2020
Tugume P, et al. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plant species used by communities around Mabira Central Forest Reserve, Uganda. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2016; 12: 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-015-0077-4
Obbo CJD, et al. In vitro antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities of selected medicinal plants from Ugandan flora: refocusing into multi-component potentials. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 229: 127-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.029
Odongo E, et al. Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal plants used in Kakamega County, western Kenya. Appl Med Res 2018; 4(2): 22-40. https://doi.org/10.5455/amr.20180315095706
Bryant AT. Zulu medicine and medicine-men. Cape Town: C Struik; 1966.
Mabhiza D, Chitemerere T, Mukanganyama S. Antibacterial properties of alkaloid extracts from Callistemon citrinus and Vernonia adoensis against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Med Chem 2016; article ID 6304163. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6304163
Mozirandi W, Mukanganyama S. Antibacterial activity and mode of action of Vernonia adoensis (Asteraceae) extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeru-ginosa. J Biologically Active Prod Nat 2017; 7(5): 341-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2017.1378922
Mozirandi W, Tagwireyi D, Mukanganyama S. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of chondrillasterol isolated from Vernonia adoensis (Asteraceae). BMC Compl Alt Med 2019; 19: 249. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2657-7
Watt JM, Breyer-Brandwijk MG. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa. London: Livingstone; 1962.
Germanò MP, et al. Antiulcer activity of Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. Phytomedicine 1996; 2: 229-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(96)80047-X
Sanogo R, et al. Vernoniosides and an androstane glycoside from Vernonia kotschyana. Phytochemistry 1998; 47: 73-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00477-9
Inngjerdingen K, et al. An ethnopharmacological survey of plants used for wound healing in Dogonland, Mali, West Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 92: 233-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.021
Nergard CS, et al. Isolation, partial characterisation and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharides from Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 91: 141-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.12.007
Focho DA, Ndam WT, Fonge BA. Medicinal plants of Aguambu-Bamumbu in the Lebialem highlands, southwest province of Cameroon. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2009; 3: 1-13.
Willcox M, et al. Improved traditional medicines in Mali. J Alt Compl Med 2012; 18: 212-220. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2011.0640
Inngjerdingen KT, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cells by aqueous extracts and pectic polysaccharides from the roots of Cochlospermum tinctorium A. Rich. and Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. Fitoterapia 2014; 95: 127-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2014.03.009
Harding SE, et al. An introduction to polysaccharide biotechnology. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2017.
Vasincu A, et al. Preliminary experimental research on acute toxicity of Vernonia kotschyana extracts in mice. Veterinary Drug 2018; 12(1): 57-62.
Burkill HM. The useful plants of West tropical Africa. Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; 1985.
Deeni YY, Hussain HSN. Screening of Vernonia kotchyana for antimicrobial activity and alkaloids. Int J Pharmacog 1994; 32: 388-95. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209409083021
Nergard CS, et al. Structural and immunological studies of a pectin and a pectic arabinogalactan from Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae). Carbohydrydrate Res 2005; 340: 115-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2004.10.023
Giday M, et al. Medicinal plants of the Shinasha, Agew-awi and Amhara peoples in northwest Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 110: 516-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.011
Zemicheal G, Mekonnen Y. Antiplasmodial activity of Vernonia adoensis aqueous, methanol and chloroform leaf extracts against chloroquine sensitive strain of Plasmodium berghei in vivo in mice. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11: 736. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3835-2
Mutuku NC, Swamy TA, Jackie O. In vitro control of selected pathogenic microorganisms by Vernonia adoensis leaves. Int J Bioassays 2013; 2(8): 1113-7.
Swamy TA, Jackie O, Mutuku NC. In vitro control of selected pathogenic organisms by Vernonia adoensis roots. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2013; 4(8): 2855-9.
Swamy AT, Mutuku NC, Jackie OK. Phytopharmacological analysis of chemical constituents of infused Vernonia adoensis roots. Int J Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 4(1): 28-33.
Radol AO, et al. Cytotoxicity and anti-herpes activity of selected medicinal plants cited for management of HIV conditions in Kakamega county, Kenya. British J Pharmaceut Res 2016; 13(5): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2016/29317
Kankara SS, et al. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used for traditional maternal healthcare in Katsina state, Nigeria. S Afr J Bot 2015; 97: 165-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.01.007
Gebeyehu G, et al. Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants and their conservation status in Mecha Wereda, West Gojjan zone of Ethiopia. Int J Pharmaceut Health Care Res 2014; 2(3): 137-54.
Gelfand M, et al. The traditional medical practitioner in Zimbabwe: His principles of practice and pharmacopoeia. Gweru: Mambo Press; 1985.
Fowler DG. Traditional fever remedies: A list of Zambian plants. Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; 2006.
Stangeland T, et al. Antioxidant and anti-plasmodial activity of extracts from three Ugandan medicinal plants. J Med Pl Res 2010; 4: 1916-23.
Nethengwe MF, et al. Larvicidal, antipyretic and antiplasmodial activity of some Zulu medicinal plants. J Med Pl Res 2012; 6(7): 1255-62. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR11.1319
Ngarivhume T, et al. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria in the Chipinge district in Zimbabwe. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 159: 224-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.011
Sobrinho ACN, de Souza EB, Fontenelle ROS. A review on antimicrobial potential of species of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae). J Med Pl Res 2015; 9(31): 838-50. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2015.5868
Kisangau DP, et al. In vitro antimicrobial assay of plants used in traditional medicine in Bukoba rural District Tanzania. Afr J Trad Compl Alt Med 2007; 4: 510-23. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v4i4.31245
Kisangau DP, et al. Use of traditional medicines in the management of HIV/AIDS opportunistic infections in Tanzania: a case in the Bukoba rural district. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2007; 3: 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-3-29
Chimponda T, Mukanganyama S. Antimycobacterial activities of selected medicinal plants from Zimbabwe against Mycobacterium aurum and Corynebacterium glutamicum. Trop Biomed 2010; 27: 595-610.
Chitemerere TA, Mukanganyama S. In vitro antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants from Zimbabwe. Afr J Pl Sci Biotechnol 2011; 5(1): 1-7.
Kisangau DP, et al. Traditional knowledge, use practices and conservation of medicinal plants for HIV/AIDS care in rural Tanzania. Ethnobot Res Appl 2011; 9: 43-57. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.9.0.43-57
Gurib-Fakim A. Novel plant bioresources: Applications in food, medicine and cosmetics. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118460566
Mautsa R, Mukanganyama S. Vernonia adoensis leaf extracts cause cellular membrane disruption and nucleic acid leakage in Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Biologically Active Prod Nat 2017; 7(2): 140-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2017.1324321
Kokwaro JO. Medicinal plants of east Africa. Nairobi: Nairobi University Press; 2009.
Lamorde M, et al. Medicinal plants used by traditional medicine practitioners for the treatment of HIV/AIDS and related conditions in Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 130: 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.004
Swamy TA, Jackie OK, Mutuku NC. Phytochemical analysis of Vernonia adoensis leaves and roots used as a traditional medicinal plant in Kenya. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2013; 3(3): 46-52.
Mabona U, Van Vuuren SF. Southern African medicinal plants used to treat skin diseases. S Afr J Bot 2013; 87: 175-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.04.002
Ragunathan M, Solomon M. The study of spiritual remedies in orthodox rural churches and traditional medicinal practice in Gondar Zuria district, northwestern Ethiopia. Pharmacog J 2009; 1: 178-83.
Worku AM. A review on significant of traditional medicinal plants for human use in case of Ethiopia. Plant Pathol Microbiol 2019; 10: 484.
Maiga A, et al. A survey of toxic plants on the market in the district of Bamako, Mali: traditional knowledge compared with a literature search of modern pharmacology and toxicology. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 96: 183-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.005
Diallo D, et al. Wound healing plants in Mali, the Bamako region: An ethnobotanical survey and complement fixation of water extracts from selected plants. Pharmaceut Biol 2002; 40: 117-28. https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.40.2.117.5846
Nalule AS, et al. Ethnopharmacological practices in management of livestock helminthes by pastoral communities in the drylands of Uganda. Livestock Res Rural Develop 2011; 23: 2.
Bohlmann F, et al. Further glaucolides from South African Vernonia species. Phytochemistry 1984; 23: 1795-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83497-4
Muhindi SW, Ngule CM, Ramesh F. Phytochemical and antibacterial potential of Vernonia adoensis stem bark to curb cariogenic microorganisms. American J Phytomed Clinical Therapeut 2016; 4(1): 19-27.