Earth’s Temperature: The Effect of the Sun, Water Vapor, and CO2
PDF
SUPPL

Keywords

CO2
psychrometric
water vapor
Sun
thermodynamic

How to Cite

Lightfoot, H. D., & Ratzer, G. (2022). Earth’s Temperature: The Effect of the Sun, Water Vapor, and CO2. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 18, 87–97. Retrieved from http://set-publisher.com/index.php/jbas/article/view/2425

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to show the Sun controls the Earth’s temperature daily and over decades and millennia. A secondary objective is to show CO2 contributes to the warming of the Earth through increased enthalpy (heat content). The methodology is to record temperature and relative humidity at many weather stations around the globe to provide a picture of the constantly changing atmosphere over twelve months. Daily measurements of the molecular fraction of CO2 are converted to weight to calculate the increasing enthalpy of the atmosphere. The Sun controls Earth’s temperature through water vapor up to the dewpoint temperature line and by direct heat radiation from the Sun above it. The enthalpy contribution by CO2 from 1750 to 2022 was up to 0.0000049 kJ/kg of dry air, equivalent to a temperature increase of 0.000181oC over 272 years. The effect of CO2 on warming the Earth has a negligible increase in Earth’s temperature.

PDF
SUPPL

References

IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Pirani A, Connors SL, Péan C, Berger S, Caud N, Chen Y, Goldfarb L, Gomis MI, Huang M, Leitzell K, Lonnoy E, Matthews JBR, Maycock TK, Waterfield T, Yelekçi O, Yu R, Zhou B, Eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391. See A.4.4, page 11. doi:10.1017/9781009157896. See page 5, section A.1.3.

Poyet P. The Rational Climate e-Book, Cooler is Riskier, The Extended 2nd Edition, page 118. Available at: https://patricepoyet.org

IPCC Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL, Eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Lightfoot HD, Ratzer G. The Sun Versus CO2 as the Cause of Climate Change Projected to 2050. J Basic Appl Sci 2022; 18: 16-25. https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5129.2022.18.03

Manabe S, Smagorinsky J, Strickler RF. Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrologic cycle. Monthly Weather Review, 1965; 93(12): 769-798. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1965)093<0769:SCOAGC>2.3.CO;2

Manabe S, Bryan K. Climate calculations with a combined ocean-atmosphere model. J Atmos Sci 1969; 26(4): 786-789. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026<0786:CCWACO>2.0.CO;2

Practical HVAC, Psychrometry - properties of air. Available at: https://www.practicalhvac.com/uncategorized/properties-of-air-psychrometry/

Gately DP, Psychrometric Chart Celebrates 100 th Anniversary, ASHRAE Journal 2004. Available at: http://www.handsdownsoftware.com/Psychrometrics-100th-Bday.pdf

Fabian (Wheeler) EE, Psychrometric Chart Use, PennState Extension, July 12, 2016. Available at: https://extension.psu.edu/psychrometric-chart-use

Apcon Technology, CARRIER PSYCHROMETRIC CHART PDF, October 12, 2021. Available at: https://apcontechnology.com/carrier-psychrometric-chart-99/

MegaWatSoft Psychrometric Calculator, HumidAir Excel Add-In v3.1. Calculation of thermodynamic properties in the application is based on the formulation presented by Hyland and Wexler in ASHRAE Transactions, 89(2A) 500-519, 1983, and ASHRAE Transactions, 89(2A) 520-535, 1983. This program is available for purchase or rental, www.megawatsoft.com

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Technical Resources, Psychrometrics, ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart App. Available at: https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/psychrometrics

NASA Earth Observatory, The water cycle. Available at: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Water

AccuWeather, About us. Available from: https://corporate.accuweather.com/company/about-us/

Stephens GL, Li J, Wild M, et al. An update on Earth’s energy balance in light of the latest global observations. Nature Geoscience 2012; 5: 691-696. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1580

IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Pirani A, Connors SL, Péan C, Berger S, Caud N, Chen Y, Goldfarb L, Gomis MI, Huang M, Leitzell K, Lonnoy E, Matthews JBR, Maycock TK, Waterfield T, Yelekçi O, Yu R, Zhou B, Eds. Cambridge University Press. In Press. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-i/. See Figure 7.2: Schematic representation of the global mean energy budget of the Earth (upper panel), pp. 7-177.

Hayden HC. The Energy Advocate, May 2022, Vol. 26, No. 10. Five examples of the conservation of energy. Available at: http://www.energyadvocate.com/

Spencer RW. Climate Confusion, Encounter books, www.encounterbooks.com.First edition, 2008. See page 55.

Spencer RW, Climate Confusion, Encounter books, www.encounterbooks.com.First edition, 2008. See diagram and text, page 64.

Google Earth Pro

Convert moles CO2 to gram. Available at: https://www.convertunits.com/from/moles%20CO2/to/grams

Tans P, Thoning K. How we measure background CO2 levels on Mauna Loa, NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, September 2020. Available at: https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/about/co2_measurements.html

The Engineering ToolBox. Available at: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/carbon-dioxide-d_974.html

IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Pirani A, Connors SL, Péan C, Berger S, Caud N, Chen Y, Goldfarb L, Gomis MI, Huang M, Leitzell K, Lonnoy E, Matthews JBR, Maycock TK, Waterfield T, Yelekçi O, Yu R, Zhou B, Eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391. See A.4.4, page 11. doi:10.1017/9781009157896. See page 5, section A.1.3.

How to read a psychrometric chart. Available at: https://www.wikihow.com/Read-a-Psychrometric-Chart

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.